All-souls' Day, a festival held by Roman Cath- olics on the day after All-saints' Da}', for special pray- er in behalf of the souls of all the faithful dead. It was first introduced in 998, by Odilon, abbot of Clugni, who enjoined it on his own order. It was soon after adopted by neighboring churches. It is the day on which, in the Romish Church, extraordinary masses are repeated for the relief of souls said to be in purga- tory. Formerly, on this day, persons dressed in black perambulated the towns and cities, each provided with a bell of dismal tone, which was rung in public places, by way of exhortation to the people to remember the souls in purgatory (Farrar, Eccl. Dictionary, s. v.). In some parts of the west of England it is still "the cus- tom for the village children to go round to all their neighbors souling, as they call it — collecting small con- tributions, and singing the following verses, taken down from two of the children themselves :
Soul ! soul ! for a soul-cake ;
Pray, good mistress, for a soul-cake,
One for Peter, two for Paul,
Three for Them who made us all.
Soul ! soul ! for an apple or two ;
If you've got no apples, pears will do,
Up with your kettle, and down with your pan ;
Give me a good big one, and I'll be gone. The soul-cake referred to in the verses is a sort of bun which, until lately, it was an almost general custom for people to make, and to give to one another on the 2d of November." — Notes and Queries, 1st ser. vol. iv. Allud, Alius. See Chellus. Allut, Jean, surnamed VEclaireur (the Enlight- I ener), a pseudonym adopted by a French fanatic, who, ! at the beginning of the 18th century, attempted at London the establishment of a new sect. His real name was FJie Marion, and he was a native of Barre, a village in the vicinity of Montpelier. His apostles or associates were Nicolas Fatio, Jean Dande, and Charles Portales. His works, which are now very rare, are as follows : 1. Discernement des tenebres cVavec la lumiere, afin d- exciter les homines it, chercher la lumiere (Loud. 1710, 8vo): — 2. Eclair de lumiere descendant des cieux, et du rel'evement de la chute de I'homme par son peche (without name of place, 1711, 8vo) : — 3. Plan de la justice de Dieu sur la terre dans ces derniers jours (1714, 8vo) : — 4. Quand vous aurez saccage, vous serez saccage (1714, 8vo) ; the latter work consists of letters signed Allut, Marion, Fatio, and Portales :— 5. Aver- tissement Prcphetique d'Elie Marion (Lond. 1707, 8vo) : — 6. Cri (Polar me, ou avertissement aux nations qu'ils sortent de Babi/lone (1712, 8vo). — Hoefer, Biographie Generale, ii, 169.
Allwoerden, Heinricii von, a German theo- logian, a native of Stade, lived in the first half of the 18th century. He studied at Helmstedt, under the celebrated Mosheim, and, upon the advice of the lat- ter, published a life of Servetus under the following
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title, Ilistoria Michaelis Serveti (Helmstedt, 1728, 4to), with a portrait of Servetus. An abstract of this work is given in the.itfu Eruditorum (Leipsie, 1728), and in the Biblioth'equc raisonnee des ouvragea des savants (i, 328).— Hoefer, Biog. Generate, ii, 169.
Allyn, John, D.D., a Unitarian minister, born in Barnstable, Mass., March 21, 17G7. He graduated at Harvard 1785, and in 1788 became pastor in Duxbury, Mass., which position he retained until his death, July 19, 1833. In 1820 he was the delegate from Duxbury in the Constitutional Convention of Massachusetts. He published several of his sermons and charges. — Sprague, Unitarian Pulpit, p. 207.
Almain, Jacques, a French theologian, was born at Sens, became professor in the college at Navarre, where he had studied under John Major, in 1512. He was one of the greatest theologians of his time, and a follower of Scotus and Occam. In 1511 he took his doctor's degree, and very shortly after was chosen by the faculty of theology to reply to the work of Cajetan, on the superiority of the pope to a general council. In 1515 he died, in the very prime of life. Among his works are De A uctoritate Ecclesia sen S. Conciliorum earn reprcesentanlium, etc., contra Th. de Vio (Par. 1512, and in Gerson's works, Dupin's edition) ; De Potestate Ecclesiastica ct laicali (an exposition of the decisions of Occam ; in Gerson, and also in the edition of his works published at Paris in 1517) ; M< ralia (Paris, 1525, 8vo). — Cave, Hist. Lit. ; Landon, Eccks. Diet, i, 270 ; Hoefer, Biog. Generate, ii, 179 ; Dupin, Ecd. Writers, cent. xvi.
Almah. See Virgin.
Almeida, Emmanuel, was born at Viseu, in Port- ugal, in 1580. He entered the order of Jesuits at the age of eighteen, and in 1G22 was sent by Vitelleschi, the general of the order, as ambassador to Ethiopia, where he remained ten years, catechizing the people, and gaining an insight into their manners and customs. He died at Goa in 1G46, leaving collections for a llis- toire de la haute Ethiopia, which Balthasar Teller ar- ranged, augmented, and published at Coimbra, in 1G60, in folio. He also wrote Lettres Historiqucs (Pome, 1629, 8vo), correcting the false statements of the Do- minican Urreta concerning Ethiopia. — Hoefer, Biog. Generate, ii, 181.