He took an active part in the various controversies of the time, and was employed in the preparation of the " Book of Discipline." In 1583 he received a presen-
Eusebius and Jerome (Onomast. s. v.) as situated be- \ tation to one of the churches of St. Andrew's, but was yond Jordan, near Pella ; doubtless the present Irbid, j prohibited by a royal warrant, or "horning," from ac- a large village with extensive ruins near Wady She- i cepting it. The cause of the royal indignation against laleh, visited by several travellers (Rittcr, Erdlc. xv, I him is not exactly known ; but while the controver- 1054 sq.). ' Fy as to his appointment was pending he died, Octo-
Ar'bi'te (Heb. Arbi'. ^21X, Sept. AP/60, ™ epi- j ^r 17, 1583. He left behind him the character of a thet of Paarai or Naarai, one "of David's warriors (2 I moderate and bonest mal1' a man of lcarmn^ and a
Sam. xxiii, 35 ; comp. 1 Chron. xi, 37), probably as be- ing a native of the town Arab (Josh, xv, 52). In the list of Chronicles it is given as Ben-Ezbai, by a change in letters not unfrequently occurring. See Ezbai. (See Kennicott, Dissert, on 2 Sam. xxiii, p. 210.) Aibo'nai (Gr. Abronas, 'A ft 010 vac. v. r. 'Afiawrai,
poet.— McCrie's Life of Melville, i, 114; Bug. Britan- nica.
Arcade. In church architecture, a series of arch- es supported by pillars or shafts, whether belonging to the construction or used in relieving large surfaces of masonry ; the present observations will be confined to
•i 11 the latter that is, to ornamental arcades. These were
see I ntzsche, I ommmt. in loc), a stream, as it would . la'raiuli'Y°l, "" , ^T ., , ,
„ , . , • j 1 1 introduced earlv in the Norman style, and were used
seem, 111 Mesopotamia, having several considerable ",,■> , xl_ , / . ' c
cities on its banks which were destroyed bv Holofernes j ver7 ha^. to lts cl^e' ****** base storf. of ex:
(Judith ii, 24). Some regard it as being the same with terior and interior alike, and the upper portions of
the Habor (q. v.) or Chaboras of Scripture (2 Kings ^'^ and hl«h walls, being often quite covered with
x£ . f. . ... . . ' . \ . tlmm ' Iipt TA-pve cit k r ii smmle or ot liiterseetmir
xvii, 1G). But it is probably a false rendering of a bungling translator for the original Heb. liHSil "C1'2, beyond the river, i. e. Euphrates (see Movers, in the Banner Ztitschr. xiii, 38).
Arbrissel or Arbrisselles, Robert D', the founder of the order of Fontevrault, was born in 1047 at Arbrissel or Arbreses, a village in the diocese of Eennes, and died Feb. 25, 1117. In 1085 he was ap- pointed vicar-general of the bishop of Eennes, in which diocese he labored successfully for the restoration of church discipline. In 1089 he became professor of theology at Angers ; but after two years he retired to the forest of Craon, on the frontier of Anjou and Bre- tagne. There soon a number of hermits gathered around him, and Robert founded the first establish- ment of the order of Fontevrault, the celebrated abbey De Rota. Robert himself was appointed its first pri- or at the Council of Tours in 1096, where he preached the same year. The number of the followers of Rob- ert rapidly increased, and he established several mon- asteries ; the most important was the celebrated ab- bey of Fontevrault, near Poitiers, after which the en- tire order was named. The abbey consisted of two different monasteries, one for men and one for wom- en, which together counted soon more than 2000 in- mates. According to the letters of Marbod, bishop of Eennes (cited by P. de la Mainferme, Clipeus, t. i, p. 69), and Geoffrey, abbot of Vendome (L'r cttei I des Let- ires de I' Abbe Geoffroy, publiees par /<■ J'. Sirmond in 1610), Robert, to crucify his flesh, had recourse to the most immoral kind of mortification ; he used, for in- stance, to sleep in the cells of the nuns. These facts, denied or excused by some, and affirmed or censured by others, were the subject of the most lively contro
them. They were either of simple or of intersecting arches ; it is needless to say that the latter are the
Arch from Canterbury.
most elaborate in work, and the most ornamental ; they are accordingly reserved in general for the richer por- tions of the fabric. There is, moreover, another, and perhaps more effective way of complicating the arcade, by placing an arcade within and behind another, so that the wall is doubly recessed, and the play of light and shadow greatly increased. The decorations of the transitional, until very late in the style, are so nearly those of the Norman, that we need not partic- ularize the semi-Norman arcade. In the next style the simple arcade is, of course, most frequent. This, like the Norman, often covers very large surfaces, versy among the Roman Catholic theologians of France \ Foil arches are often introduced at this period, and in the 17th and 18th centuries. A monk of Fonte- greatly vary the effect. The reduplication of arcades vrault, P. de la Mainferme, wrote a lar^e work, en- j is now managed differently from the former style, titled Clipeus nascentis ordinis FoiitiLrahbvzis, in de- Two arcades, perfect, in all their parts, are set the one fence of the founder of the order. Robert, in 1104, j behind the other, but the shaft of the outer is opposite was present at the Councils of Beaugency and Paris, I to the arsh of the inner series, the outer series is also at the latter of which he prevailed upon Bertrade to j more lofty in its proportions, and the two are often of separate from King Philip. He died in the monaste- I differently constructed arches, as at Lincoln, where ry of Orsan. His remains were, in 1G33, placed in a | the outer series is of trefoil, the inner of simple arches, magnificent marble tomb, made by order of Louise I or vice versa, the two always being different. The of-