Archicapellarms, i. e. Archchaplain, was the title of the highest dignitary in the old Prankish em- pire. His duty was to make a report to the king on all ecclesiastical matters which were brought before thegovi rnment. Generally an archbishop was charged with this oilier, and gradually it became connected with c t in arcbiepiflcopal sees. The office became extinct after a few centuries, and for the discharge of its duties decmosynarii or aumoniers were instituted in the thirteenth century.
Archiereus (apx<-iptv<J), a name denoting "high- priest," and used in the Greek Church for the higher clergy above the rank of presbyter, like the Latin term Prelate.
Archimandrite (apxwv rife fidvcpac), the name given in the Greek Church to the head of a monastery, and is equivalent to "abbot." It has also been ap- plied to all ecclesiastical superiors, and even in the Latin Church there have been examples of archbish- ops being styled archimandrites.
Archip'pus ('ApYt7T7roc, " master of the horse'"), a Christian minister, whom the Apostle Paul calls his "fellow-soldier" (Philem. 2), and whom he exhorts to renewed activity (Col. iv, 17), A.D. 57. As the former epistle, which concerns a private matter, is ad- dressed to him jointly with Philemon and Apphia, and as " the Church in their house" is also addressed, it seems necessary to infer that he was a member of Philemon's family. From the latter reference (so Je- rome, Theodoret, and CEcumenius) it would seem that Archippus had exercised the office of evangelist some- times at Ephcsus, sometimes elsewhere (at Laodicea, according to the Apostolical Constitutions, vii, 46), and that he finally resided at Colossa?, and there discharged the office of presiding presbyter or bishop when Paul wrote to the Colossian Church (see Dietelmaier, De Archippo, Altdorf. 1751). The exhortation given to him in this epistle has, without sufficient grounds, been construed into a rebuke for past negligence. Tradition states that he had been one of Jesus's 70 disciples, and that he suffered martyrdom at Chona?, near Loadicea (Menalog. Grcec. i, 20o).
Archisynagcgus {('ipxaywdyaoyoc, "ruler of the synagogue," called also apx^v ri)Q avvayiayiJQ [Luke viii, 41], and simply ap\ujv [Matt, ix, 18] ; Heb. raaSIl ttJKI, chief or ruler of the synagogue). In large synagogues there appears to have been a col- lege or council of elders (C*jpt = TvptafSiiTtpoi, Luke vii, 3) to whom the care of the synagogue and the dis- cipline of the congregation were committed, and to all of whom this title was applied (Mark v, 22 ; Acts xiii, 15; xviii, 8, compared with ver. 17). Their duties were to preside in the public services, to direct the reading of the Scriptures and the addresses to the con- gregation (Vitringa, De Synagoga Yetcre, lib. iii, pt. i, c. 7 ; comp. Acts xiii, 15), to superintend the dis- tribution of alms (Vitr. c. Vii), and to punish trans- gressors either by scourging (Vitr. c. 11 ; comp. Matt, x, 17; xxiii, 34 ; Acts xxii, 10) or by excommunica- tion (Vitr. c. D). In a more restricted sense the title is sometimes applied to the president of this council, whose office, according to Grotius (Annotationes in Matt, ix, 18 ; Luc. xiii, 14) and many other writers, was different from and superior to that of the elders in general. Vitringa (p. 586), on the other hand, maintains that there was no such distinction of office, and that the title thus applied merely designates the presiding elder, who acted on behalf of and in the name of the whole. — Kitto, s. v. See Synagogue.
Ar'chite (Hob., with the art., ha-ArH' , ^r^Nri, as if from a place named Erech, T("?N ; Sept. 6 'Afa\i, Vulg. Arachites), the usual designation of David's friend Hushai (2 Sam. xv, 32; xvii, 5, 14 ; 1 Chron. xxvii, 33). The word also appears (somewhat dis- guised, it is true, in the Auth. Vers.) in Josh, xvi, 2, where "the borders of Archi" (i. e. "the Archite) are named as on the boundary of the " children of Jo- seph," somewhere in the neighborhood of Bethel. No town of the name of Erech appears in Palestine: it is possible that, as in the case of the Gerizi, the Zemar- ites, and the Jebusites, we have here the last faint trace of one of the original tribes of the country. See Archi.
Architecture (Eat. archifectura, from Gr. aoxi- -iKTwv, a master builder), though usually ranked as a
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fine art, is not purely such in the sense that paint- ing, sculpture, music, and poetry are, but must 1 it- ranked rather as an applied art. Buildings erected for dwelling, manufacture, merchandise, public busi- ness, education, worship, burial, or defense, serve, first and primarily, their practical purposes. In so far as reference is had to the mathematical and physical principles of construction, the choice of material, and the perfect adaptation of the building to its uses, the edifice is a scientific achievement, and from this stand- point architecture is a science. In so far as the laws of taste and the power of the imagination are applied to the grouping of the masses, and the invention and distribution of the ornamentation, the edifice is a work of art, and, from this aesthetic stand-point, architecture is a fine art. Embodying thus the material and spir- itual wants of an age or people with its knowledge of the resources of nature and the power of its imagina- tion, the history of architecture is a most important el- ement in the history of civilization. The genius of a great architect, though largely controlled by the object of the building, the materials at his command, and other considerations of site, country, and climate, and espe- cially by the prevailing styles and tastes, will always be stamped upon his works, and give them a marked individuality. Though no monuments remain of their earliest history, architecture is generally supposed to have existed as a fine art before the other formative arts of painting and sculpture.