The peaceful reign and vast wealth of Solomon gaA'e great impulse to architecture; for besides the Temple and his other great works at and near Jerusalem, he built fortresses and cities in various places, among which the names and sites of Baalath and Tadmor are usually thought to be represented by the more modern superstructures of Baalbec and Palmyra (1 Kings ix, 15, 24). Among the succeeding kings of Israel and of Judah more than one is recorded as a builder: Asa (1 Kings xv, 23), Baasha (xvi, 17), Omri (xvi, 24), Ahab (xvi, 34 ; xxii, 39) ; Hezekiah (2 Kings xx, 20 ; 2
Chron. xxxii, 27, 30), Jehoash, and Josiah (2 Kings xii, 11, 12; xxii, 6); and, lastly, Jehoiakim, whose winter palace is mentioned (Jer. xxii, 14; xxxvi, 22; see also Amos iii, 15). On the return from captivity, the chief care of the rulers was to rebuild the Temple and the walls of Jerusalem in a substantial manner, with stone, and with timber from Lebanon (Ezra iii, 8; v, 8; Neh. ii, 8; iii, 1, 32). During the govern- ment of Simon Maccabseus, the fortress called Baris, and afterward Antonia, was erected for the defence of the Temple and the city. But the reigns of Herod and of his sons and successors were especially remark- able for the great architectural works in which they delighted. Not only was the Temple restored to a large portion, if not to the full degree, of its former magnificence, but the fortifications and other public buildings of Jerusalem were enlarged and embellished to an extent previously unknown (Luke xxi, 5 ; Benj. of Tudela, p. 83, Bohn). See Jerusalem. Besides these great works, the town of Caesarea was built on the site of an insignificant building called Strato's Tower; Samaria was enlarged, and received the name of Sebaste; the town of Agrippium was built; and
' Herod carried his love for architecture so far as to adorn with buildings cities even not within his own do-
| minions, Berytus, Damascus, Tripolis, and many other places (Josephus, War, i, 21, 1, 11). His son, Philip
I the tetrarch, enlarged the old Greek colony of Paneas,
| giving it the name of Cseearea in honor of Tiberias ; while his brother Antipas founded the city of Tiberius, and adorned the towns of Sepphoris and Betharamph- ta, giving to the latter the name Livias, in honor of the mother of Tiberius (Reland, p. 497). Of the orig- inal splendor of these great works no doubt can be entertained ; hut of their style and appearance we can only conjecture, though with nearlj'- absolute certain- ty, that they were formed on Greek and Eoman mod- els. Of the style of the earlier buildings of Palestine ■we can only form an idea from the analogy of the Egyptian, Assyrian, and Persian monuments now ex- isting, and from the modes of building still adopted in Eastern countries. The connection of Solomon with Egypt and with Tyre, and the influence of the captiv- ity, maj' have in some measure successively affected the style both of the two temples and of the palatial edifices of Solomon. The enormous stones employed in the Assyrian, Persepolitan, and Egyptian buildings find a parallel in the substructions of Baalbek, more ancient than the superstructure (Layard, ii, 317, £18), and in the stones of so vast a size which still remain at Jerusalem, relics of the building either of Soli mon or of Herod (Williams, pt. ii, 1). But, as it has been observed again and again, scarcely any connected monuments are known to survive in Palestine by which we can form an accurate idea of its buildings, beautiful and renowned as they wire throughout the East (Plin. v, 14; Stanley, p. 183), and even of those which do remain no trustworthy examination has yet been made. It is probable, however, that the reser- voirs known under the names of the Pools of Solomon and Hezekiah contain some portions, at least, of the original fabrics (Stanley, p. 103, 165). — Smith, s. v.
The domestic architecture of the Jews, so far as it can lie understood, is treated under House. Tools and instruments of building are mentioned by the sa- cred writers: the plumb-line, Amos vii, 7; the meas- uring-reed, Ezck. xl, 3; the saw, 1 Kings vii, 9. (See De Vogue, Varchitectun duns la yyrii , Par. 1865.)
II. Mediaval Architecture. — 1. With the victory of Christianity over Paganism, as the religion of state, commences a new era in the history of architecture. Still the Greek, or, rather, Eoman art exercised a pow- erful influence, especially in the details of the new style. When Christianity became the religion of the state, the ancient basilicas (q. v.), or halls of justice, were turned into churches. The lower floor was used by the men, and the galleries devoted to the women.
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ARCHITECTURE
Section of the Basilica of St. Peter at Rome, erected in the Time of Constantino,
In later edifices the galleries were dispensed with. The church then consisted of ;i single oblong hall, with one, three, or five aisles, a round apsis at the rear end, an altar, etc. The basilican style prevailed throughout the entire Christian Church throughout the fourth century. It prevailed much later in Syria and Southern France, and remained in Central Italy till the Renaissance period.