Christian architects from the church itself. These, permeated with the true Christian feeling, knowing the wants of the church, and cultivated in all the re- quired departments of science and art, will be able to give an architecture suited to the wants of the present age. To accomplish this is needed the establishment of academies or departments of architecture in our uni- versities and chairs of the fine arts in the colleges and theological seminaries.
For the histoiy of architecture, see Sehnaase's Ge- schichte der Kunst (Dusseldorf, 1843-66, 8 vols.) ; Kug- ler, Gesehichte der BavHamst (Stuttgardt, 1859, 3 vols.) ; Lubke, Gesehichte der Baukunst (Stuttgardt, 1865); Gailhaband, Denkmdler der Bauhmsi alter Zeiten (Ham- burg, 1849, 4 vols.); Fergusson, Handbook of Archi- tecture (Lond. 1855, 2 vols.), and Modern Styles (Lend. 1862, 1 vol.); Voillet le Due, Eistoire d' Architecture
pies and details to the Christian temple. The round j (Paris, 4 vols). On the history of church architecture arch was again resorted to. A massive dome was (from the ceclesiolorjical stand-point), see Christian Iie- built over the centre of the cross. The columns re- I membrancer, July, 1849, p. 1*4. There are also papers sumed the classical proportions, or were made into on church architecture in the Quarterly Review, vi, 62; massive pilasters. In the 17th century, and more es- lxxv, 179; Church Review, iii, 372; Monthly Christian pecially in the 18th, architecture seemed to have bro- ! Spectator, Nov. 1852, p. 654. Valuable practical hints ken away from all laws of proportion and harmony, ' may be found in Trhnen, Chapel Architecture (London, and to have lost its predominance in church edifices. I 1849, 8vo) ; and in Jobson, Chapel and School Architec- The churches seemed more galleries of painting or tare (Lond. 1850, 8vo). See also Rickman, Attempt to sculpture than architectural structures. The oma- distiiii/ii/sh the Styles if Architecture in England (Lond. ment became first, massive, then overpowering, and 8vo); Sh&Tj&, SevenPeriodsof English Architect. (Lond. was broken from its structural lines. It finally be- ', 8vo) ; Brit. Quart. Rev. Aug. 1849, art. ii; Mercersburg came trivial and inexpressive. Expensive stones and i Rev. 1851, p. 358; Bunsen, Basiliken lies ckristl. Rom's large gilded surfaces were more prized than aesthetic (Munch. 1842) ; Lenoir, Architect. Monatt. (Far. 1*5"-'); propriety or architectural effect. And, finally, the j Brown, Sacred Architect. (Lond. 1845); Dollman, A n- extravagant, insincere, almost infidel life of the 17th \ dent Architecture (Lond. 1858) ; Hubsch, Altchristlicha and 18th centuries manifested themselves in the Baroco Kirchen (Karlsr. 1860). See Church Edifices. (or Jesuitical) style of Italy, or the Rococo (or French) j Architricllrms (' ApxirpiicKivog, master of the tri- Btyle of France and German}'. clinium or dinner-bed [see Accubation]), rendered in
Tims the greatest genuine architectural life of me- John ii, 8, 9, "governor of the feast" (q. v.), equivalent diaeval times manifested itself in the threat epochs of to the Roman Magister Convivu. The Greeks also de- the Basilican (4th to 6th centuries), Byzantine (7th to noted the same social office by the title of Symposiarch 14th centuries), Saracenic (7th to 1 1th centuries), Ro- (avuiroaiapxoc.'). He was not the giver of the feast, manesque (9th to 12th centuries), Gothic (12th to 15th | but one of the guests specially chosen to direct the centuries), and Renaissance (14th to 17th centuries"), entertainment, and promote harmony and good fellow- Perhaps its highest culmination was in the Middle ship among the company. (See Potter's Gr. Ant. ii, Gothic (1300). After the 16th century all true arehi- 386.) In the apocryphal Ecclcsiasticus (xxxv, 1, 2) tccture died out, and the Rococo period (18th centu- | the duties of this officer among the Jews are indicated.
ARCHON
381
ARCTURUS
He is there, however, called riyovfttvoQ : "If thou be ' made the master [of a feast], lift not thyself up, but be among them as one of the rest; take diligent care for them, and so sit down ; and when thou hast done all thy office, take thy place, that thou mayest be merry | with them, and receive a crown for thy well ordering of the feast." (See Walch, Be, ArchitricUnio,Jen. 1753; Brendel, De loco Joh. Eisenb. 1785.) See Banquet.
Archon (apxwv, a ruler), the title properly of the chief magistrates or rather executive officers of the Athenians during their democracy (see Smith's Diet. of Class. Ant. s. v.), and applied to various function- aries, (1.) specially to the recognised head of the Syr- ian Jews during the Roman empire [see Aeabarch], and (2.) technically a title in the Greek Church of several officers, e. g. the church-keeper, keeper of the book of Gospels, etc.
A rchontici, a sect of the second century who re- jected baptism, and held that the world was not cre- ated by the Almighty God, but by certain powers, seven or eight in number, whom they called Archontes (dpxovng, rulers), to the chief of whom they gave the name of Sabaoth, the god of the Jews and the giver of the law, whom they blasphemousfy distinguished from the true God. Now, as they pretended that baptism was administered in the name of Sabaoth, and not in that of the supreme God, they rejected it, and the holy Eucharist. They held that woman was a creation of the devil. They were a branch of the Valentiniahs. — Bingham, Orig. Eccles. bk. xi, ch. x, cap. 2 ; Tille- mont, ii, 295 ; Landon, Eccl. Diet, i, 493.