of Darius, and ch. vii begins with the 7th year of Ar- taxerxes, we cannot even believe the latter king to be Xerxes without assuming an interval of 36 years (B.C. 516-479) between the chapters, and it is not more dif- ficult to imagine one of 50, which will cany us to B.C. 459, the 7th year of Artaxerxes Longimanus. We conclude, therefore, that this is the king of Persia un- der whom both Ezra and Nehemiah carried on their work ; that in B.C. 457 he sent Ezra to Jerusalem ; that after 13 years it became evident that a civil as well as an ecclesiastical head was required for the new settlement, and therefore that in 446 he allowed Nehe- miah to go up in the latter capacity. From the testi- mony of profane historians, this king appears remark- able among Persian monarchs for wisdom and right feeling, and with this character his conduct to the Jews coincides (Diod. xi, 71).
Artaxerxes I, surnamed Longimanus (Gr. Mo- ki>i\hi), long-handed), from the circumstance that his right hand was longer than his left (Plutarch, Artax.
Xerxes, a name, moreover, more like the Heb. form, 1), was king of Persia for forty years, B.C. 465-425 and in that case not conflicting with the distinctive [strictly 406-425] (Diod. xi, 09 ; xii, 04; Time, iv, 50). title <>f Xerxes in Esther), it is nearly certain that (as He ascended the throne after his father, Xerxes I. had in Syncell. Chron. p. 251) lie is the same with the third been murdered by Artabanus, and after he bad him- Artaxerxes, the Persian king who, in the twentieth self put to death his own brother Darius, at the insti- ycar of his reign, considerately allowed Nehemiah to gation of Artabanus (Justin, iii, 1 ; Ctesias ap. Phot. go to Jerusalem for the furtherance of purely national Eibl. p. 40, o, ed. Bekk.). His reign is characterized objects, invested him with the government of his own (I'lut. nt sup.) as wise and temperate, but it was dis- people, and allowed biin to remain there for twelve turhed by several dangerous insurrections of the sa- yeare I S<h. ii. l gq, ■ v, 14), it is almost unanimous- traps ; and after the reduction of there, by a revolt of lv agree. 1 that the kiiii.' here intended is Artaxerxes the Egyptians (li.C. 402 [Clinton, 400] i, in the course Longimanits{ IprflSipSi/c [otherwise 'AoTaZi-nEijc, Biihr of which the Athenians became involved, and gained ad Ctes. p. 166, 176]). See Nehemiah. As this prince two memorable victories over the forces of Artaxerxes bcf;an to reign B.C. 466, the restoration under Ezra (B.C. 449), the one by land and the other by sea (Diod. will fill in B.C. 469, and the lir-t under Nehemiah in xii, 4; Thucyd. i, 104 sq.). This is said to have led B.C. -140. See the Mith. Quart, Revu w, July. I860, p. to a treat}- between the Greeks and Persians, on terms 495. Others (as J, I». Michaelis) understand Arta- very favorable to the former (Tbirlwall's History of .n-xm Mnemon (reigned B.C. H)4 869) to be meant Greece, i, S04; Smith's Hist, of Greece, p. 262). Ar- (comp. Neh. xiii, 28, with Josephus, Ant. xi, 8, 3 and taxerxes appears to have passed the remainder of his
ARTEMAS
441
ARTICLES
reign in peace. He was succeeded by his son Xerxes II (Clinton, Fasti Hell, ii, 380).
Ar'temas ('Aprefiag for 'AprifuSwpoc, Artemido- rus, i. e. given by Diana) occurs once (Tit. iii, 12) as the name of an esteemed disciple in connection with Tychichus, one of whom Paul designed to send into Crete to supply the place of Titus, when he invited the latter to visit him at Nicopolis. A.D. C3. Eccle- siastical tradition makes him to have been bishop of Lystra.
Artemis. See Diana.
Artemon. .See Mainsail.
Artemon, a heretic, toward the end of the second century. Little is known of his historj' ; even his name is sometimes given Artemon and sometimes Ar- temas. The principal sources of our scanty informa- tion are Eusebius, Feci. Hist, v, 28, where he uses the name Artemon, and vii, 30, where it is Artemas ; The- odoret, Iheret. Fab. Epit. ii, 4 ; Epiphanius, liar, lxv, 1, 4; Photius, EijVoth. 48. Eusebius cites names of writers against Artemon, and gives some hints of his doctrine as being the same with that of Theodotus the tanner, viz. that Christ was a mere man. Theodoret (1. c.) says that Artemon believed in God the creator, but asserted Christ to be a mere man; born of a vir- gin, however, and superior to the prophets. Eusebi- us speaks of Artemon and his followers as abandon- ing the Scriptures for "syllogisms and geometiy." He states also that Paul of Samosata revived the her- esy of Artemon. Schleiermachar {Theol. Zeitschrift, 1822, iii, 295 sq. ; translated by Moses Stuart in Btbl. Repository, v, 334 sq.) goes into a c ireful examination of the fragments of our knowledge about Artemon, and adopts the view previously given out by Genna- dius of Marseilles, that Artemon was, in reality, a S.i- b.ellian. See also Lardner, Works, ii, 403 sq. ; Schaff- hausen, Historia Artmonis et Artcmonilariim, Leipzig, 1737, 4to ; Dorner, Doctrine of the Person of Christ, div. i, vol. ii, 8 ; Neander, Church History, i, 580.
Artemonites, followers of Artemon (q. v.). A small remnant of the Artemonites existed in the third century. — Euseb. Ch. Hist, v, 28.