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44:
of good works, or of any thing that is in the persons predestinated, but the alone will of God's good pleas- ure. 3. The predestinati are a predetermined and cer- tain number, which can neither be lessened nor in- creased. 4. .Such as are not predestinated to salvation shall inevitably be condemned on account of their sins. 5. The true, lively, and justifying faith, and the Spirit of God justifying, is not extinguished, doth not utterly fail, doth not vanish away in the elect, either finally or totally. 6. A true believer — that is, one who is endued with justifying faith — is certified by the full assurance of faith that his sins are forgiven, aiid that he shall be everlastingly saved by Christ. 7. Saving grace is not allowed, is not imparted, is not granted to all men, by which they may be saved if they will. 8. No man is able to come to Christ un- less it be given him, and unless the Father draw him ; and all men are not drawn by the Father, that they may come to his Son. 9. It is not in the will or power of every man to be saved." The archbishop approved the articles Nov. 20, 1595, and sent them to Cam- hridge; but the queen ordered them to be recalled, and censured Whitgift severely. As the meeting at Lambeth wras not a lawful synod, its resolutions can- not be regarded as the act of the church of that day ; nor, indeed, in any other light than as declaring the opinion of some of the church authorities of that period upon the subject of predestination. The very effort to enact them seems to show that the Calvinistic bish- ops (if the time were not satisfied that the Thirty-nine Articles were Calvinistic. — Collier, Eccl. Hist, vii, 187; Hardwick, Hist, of 3d Article*, ch. vii, and Appendix, No. vi; Strype's Whitgift, p. 4G2; Browne On 39 Ar- ticles, p. 379.
ARTICLES of PERTir, five articles agreed upon at a General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, con- vened at Perth by command of James VI on the 25th of August, 1618. These articles enjoined kneeling at the Lord's Supper, the observance of Christmas, Good Friday, Easter, and Pentecost, and confirmation, and sanctioned the private administration of baptism and of the Lord's Supper. They were highly obnoxious to the Presbyterians of Scotland, not only on their own account, but as part of an attempt to change the whole constitution of the church ; and because they were adopted without free discussion in the Assembly, and in mere compliance with the will of the king, who was also regarded as having unduly interfered with the constitution of the Assembly itself. They were, however, ratified by the Parliament on the 4th of Au- gust, 1021 — a day long remembered in Scotland as Bluck Saturday — were enforced by the Court of High Commission, and became one of the chief subjects of that contention between flu king and the people which produced results so grave and sad for both in the sub- sequent reign. The General Assembly of Glasgow in 1638 declared that of Perth to have been " unfree, unlawful, and null," and condemned the Five Arti- cles.— Chambers's Encyclopedia, s. v. ; Calderwood, History of Church of Scotland, vol. ii; Iletherington, Church of Scotland, i, 239.
ARTICLES OF Scum At.KAi.n. — The Protestants had formed die Schmalkaldic League (q. v.) in 1531, and the emperor, by the Religious Peace of 1532, had agreed to maini lin thastatm quo until a council should meet to settle all questions. He endeavored to have a papal council called in 15:57 : but the 'Wittenberg divine, not willing to trust such a body, agreed to certain articles drawn up by Luther, and presented at
the ' sting of the electors, princes, and states at
Schmalkajd (I'd., 15, 1537). They were principally designed to show how far the Lutherans were disposed
to go in order to avoid a final rupture with Lome, and in what sense they were willing to adopt the doctrine of Christ's presence in the Eucharist. In these arti- cles opposition to the Romish doctrine is very strongly expressed. The articles afterward became "one of the
ARTICLES
authoritative symbolical books of the Lutheran Church. Dr. Murdoch, in his notes to Mosheim (Ch. History cent, xvi, sec. i, ch. iii, § 9), gives the following ac- count of them: "The Augsburg Confession was in- tended to soften prejudice against the Lutherans, and to conciliate the good-will of the Catholics. Of course, the gentle Melancthon was employed to write it. The Articles of Schmalkald, on the contrary, were a prep- aration for a campaign against an enemy with whom no compromise was deemed possible, and in which victory or death was the only alternative. Of course, all delicacy toward the Catholics was dispensed with, and Luther's fiery style was chosen, and allowed full scope. In words the Articles flatly contradict the Confession in some instances, though in some they are the same. Thus the Confession (article 24) says: ' We are unjustly charged with having abolished the mass. For it is manifest that, without boasting, we may say the mass is observed by us with greater de- votion and earnestness than by our opposers.' But in the Articles of Schmalkald, part ii, art. 11, it is said 'that the popish mass is the greatest and most hor- rid abomination, as militating directly and violently against these articles ; and yet it has become the chief and most splendid of all the popish idolatries.' In the Confession they applied the name of the mass to the Lutheran form of the Eucharist ; but in these Ar- ticles they confine that term to the proper import, the ordinary public service among the Catholics. The Articles of Schmalkald cover 28 folio pages, and arc preceded by a preface, and followed by a treatise on the power and supremacy of the pope. The first part contains four concise articles respecting God, the Trin- ity, and the incarnation, passion, and ascension of Christ, in accordance with the Apostles' and the Atha- nasian Creeds. On these articles the Protestants pro- fessed to agree together with the Papists. The sec- ond part also contains four articles of fundamental im- portance, but in which the Protestants and Papists are declared to be totally and irreconcilably at variance. They relate to the nature and to the grounds of justi- fication, the mass and saint worship, ecclesiastical and monkish establishments, and the claims of the pope. The third part contains fifteen articles, which the Prot- estants considered as relating to very important sub- jects, but on which the Papists laid little stress. The subjects arc sin, the law, repentance, the Gospel, bap- tism, the sacrament of the altar, the keys (or spiritual power), confession, excommunication, ordination, cel- ibacy of the clergy, churches, good works, monastic vows, and human satisfaction for sin. When the Prot- estants subscribed these articles, Melancthon annexed a reservation to his signature purporting that he could admit of a pope, provided he would allow the Gospel to be preached in its purity, and would give up his pretensions to a divine right to rule, and would found Ins claims wholly on expediency and human compact. In consequence of this dissent from Luther, Melanc- thon was requested to draw up an article on the power and supremacy of the pope. He did so, and the Prot- estants were well pleased with it, and subscribed to it. It is annexed to the Articles of Schmalkald." See J. G. Walch's Introd. to Biblioth. Theol. i, 317, 362.