Az'cah, an unusual (but more correct) mode of Anglicizing ( Deut. ii, 23 ; 1 Kings iv, 24 ; Jcr. xxv, 20) the name Gaza (q. v.).
Az'zan (Heb. Azzan', "JTS, perhaps a Ihorn; Sept. G^c\v v. r. 'OZac). the father of Paltiel, which latter was the commissioner from the tribe of Issachar for
dividing the land of Canaan (Num. xxxiv, 2G). B.C. ante 1G18.
As'zur (Heb. Azzur' , "fj and 1WS, helper), the name of three men. See also Azor.
1. (Sept. 'A£wo.) The father of Hananiah of Gib- eon, which latter was the prophet who falsely encour- aged King Zedekiah against the Babylonians (Jer. xxviii. 1, where the name is Anglicized "Azur"). B.C. ante 595.
2. (Sept. 'IrtL'eo v. r.'Estp.) The father of Jaazani- ah, which latter was one of the leaders of the people whom the prophet in vision saw devising false schemes of safety for Jerusalem against the Babylonians (Ezek. xi, 1, where the name is Anglicized "Azur"). B.C. ante 593.
3. (Sept. 'A£oiV>.) One of the chief Israelites who signed the covenant of faith with Jehovah on the re- turn from Babylon (Nch. x, 17). B.C. cir. 410.
B.
Baader, Francis Xavier, a Roman Catholic phi- losopher of Germany, was born at Munich in 17C5, and died in the same city in 1841. In early life he devoted himself especially to the study of medicine and natural science, and was rewarded for his services in the mining interests of his country by the title of nobility. He established a greater reputation by his lectures and works on philosophy and theology. Though a layman, he was appointed, in 1S27, Professor of Speculative Dogmatics at the University of Munich, which chair he retained until 1838, when a ministerial decree excluded laymen from the delivery of lectures on the philosophy of religion. From early youth he had a great aversion to Rationalism, and a great long- ing for a deeper understanding of the mysteries of the Christian revelation. He studied with particu- lar interest the mystic and theosophic writers, among whom he took especially Jacob Boehme (q. v.) for his guide. After his example, he built up a system of theology and philosophy, which, as all admit, is full of profound and original ideas, though, on the whole, visionary and paradoxical in the extreme. Baader nev- er separated from the Roman Church, but published several works against the primacy of the Pope. His system of philosophy has still (1860) a number of followers, both among Romanists and Protestants. Among his principal works are : Vorlemngen ubet tpec- uhitm Dni/matik (Stuttg. 5 vols. 1828-38) ; Revision dcr PI, lusnpheme der Ifer/dschen Schule (Stuttg. 18,'!9) ; D. in iri/ciil'lndische mid der abendliindische Kafholicisiirns (Stuttg. 1841). His complete works have been edited, with explicit introductions, by six of his followers, Fr. Hoffmann, Ilamberger, Lutterbeck, Oten-Saeken, Schaden, and Schluter (Baader's Sammt'iehe Werle, Leipz. 1850-GO, 1G vols.). The sixteenth volume con- tains a copious general index, and an introduction on t !;< -\ Btem and the history of the philosophy of Baader, by Dr. Lutterbeck. See also Hoffmann, VorkaUe zur .-;« ulativi n Lehre Frar.z Baaders (Aschaffenburg, 183G). Ba'al (Heb. id. ?V2, lord or master), a generic term for f) d in many of the Syro-Arabian languages. As the idolatrous nations of that race had several gods, this word, by means of some accessory distinction, be- came applicable as a name to many different deities. See Baal-Berith, Baal-Peor; Baal-Zebub. There is no e\ idence, however, that the Israelites ever called Jehovah by the name of Baal ; for the passage in Hos. ii, 1G, which lias been cited as such, only contains the *ord Umd as the sterner, less affectionate representa- tive of husband. It is spoken of the master and owner of a house (Kxod. xxii, 7; Judg. xix, 2'2); of a land- holder (Job xxxi, 39); of an owner of cattle (Kxod. xxi, 28 ; Isa. i, 3) ; of a lender of monev, i. c. creditor
(Deut. xv, 2) ; r.lso of the head cf a family (Lev. xxi, 4) ; and even of the Assyrians (or the princes) as con- querors of nations (Isa. xvi, 8). See Baalim. It also occurs very frequently as the first part of the names of towns and men, e. g. Baal-Gad, Baal-Ha- juon, Baal-Hanan, etc., all which sec in their al- phabetical order, and compare Baal-. As a strictly proper name, and in its simple form, Baal stands in the Bible for a deity, and also for two men and one village. See also Gur-Baal; Kirjatii-Baal ; Me- rib-Baal.
Ancient Medals v.-ith tin- Head ot linul.
1. This name (with the article, ??3^i hab-Ea'al, Judg. ii, 13 ; Sept. 6 B««X, but also >'/ Baa\, Jer. xix, 5 ; xxxix, 35 ; Rom. xi, 4) is appropriated to the chief male divinity of the Phoenicians, the principal scat of whose worship was at Tyre, and thus corresponds with Ashtoreth, their supreme female divinity. Both names have the peculiarity of being used in the plural, and it seems that these plurals designate either (as Gesenius, Thes. s. v. maintains) statues of the di- vinities, or different modifications of the divinities themselves. That there were many such modifica- tions of Baal is certain from the fact that his name occurs with numerous adjuncts, both in the O. T. ; nd elsewhere, as we have seen above. The plural Baalim is found frequently alone (e. g. Judg. ii, 11; x, 10; 1 Kings xviii, 18; Jer. ix, 14; Hos. ii, 17), as well as in connection with Ashtoreth (Judg. x, G ; 1 Sam. vii, 4), and with Asherah, or, as our version renders it, "the groves" (Judg. iii, 7 ; 2 Chron. xxxiii, 3). There is no difficulty in determining the meaning of the name, since the word is in Hebrew a common noun of fre- quent occurrence, having the meaning lord, not eo much, however, in the sense of ruler as of master, owner, possessor. The name of the god, whether sin- gular or plural, is always distinguished from the com- mon noun by the presence of the article (?^'?ri, E^b-^ti), except when it stands in connection with some other word which designates a peculiar moriifi-