A. Denominational Literature. — a. Didactic. — Jesse Mercer, of Georgia (on Ordination; Church Authority; Lord's Supper) ; Andrew Broaddus, Va. (Church Dis- cipline) ; W. Crowell, 111. (Church Members' Manu- al); Warham Walker, N. Y. (Church Discipline); E. Savage (Church Discipline) ; J. L. Reynolds (Church Order) ; Th. F. Curtis (Progress of Baptist Principles , Communion) ; Fr. Wayland (Principles and Practices of Baptist Churches) ; D. C. Haynes (The Baptist De- nomination) ; E. T. Hiscox (Church Directorv) ; W. Jewell, S. W. Lynd, Mill, R. Fuller, T. L. Davidson, N. M. Crawford, E. Turney, W. C. Duncan, M. G. Clarke (Baptism); A. N. Arnold (Communion); J. L. Dagg (Church Order), b. Historical. — Benedict (Hist, of Baptists, the standard American work) ; Duncan (Early Baptists) ; W. Gammell (American Baptist Mis- sions) ; W. Hague (Baptist Church transplanted from the Old to the New World) ; J. Newton Brown (Hist, of Bapt, Publication Society ; Baptist Martyrs ; Simon Menno) ; F. Dennison (Baptists and their Principles) ; S. S. Cutting (Provinces and Uses of Baptist History). c. Polemic (against other denominations). — S. Wilcox, D. Haseall, Th. Baldwin, G. Foote, J. T. Hinton, W. Hague, J. Richards, J. J. Woolsey, C. H. Hosken, R. B. C. Howell, E. Turney, G. W. Anderson, J. T. Smith, T. G. Jones, S. Henderson, A. C. Dayton (the latter two specially against Methodism). <l. Apologetic (in defence of Baptist principles).. — Among those who wrote in defence of the Baptists respecting the Lord's Supper were T. Baldwin, J. Mercer, D. Sharp, Spen- cer C. Cone, A. Broaddus, D. Merrill, G. F. Davis, II. J. Ripley, Barnas Sears, J. B. Taylor, T. F. Curtis, J. Knapp, A. N. Arnold, W. Crowell, II. Harvey, John L. Waller, A. Hovey, C. H. Pendleton, M. V. Kitz Miller, Willard Judd, James Pyper, J. M. C. Brcaher, M. G. Clarke, J. Wheaton Smith. Among the writers defending the denominational view of Baptism are D. Merrill, H. Holcomb, Irah Chase, H. J. Ripley, Ado- niram Judson, W. Judd, A. Bronson, J. T. Smith, W. Hague, T. G. Jones, Richard Fuller, J. Bates, J. Dow- ling, e. Hymn-books. — The principal writers of lyric poetry arc S. F. Smith, S. Dver, S. D. Phelps, S. P. Hill, H. S. Washburn, James D. Knowles, J. R. Scott, Miss M. A. Collier, Mill, L. H. Hill, J. N. Brown, R. Turnbull.
B. Contributions of Baptist Authors to Religions Lit- erature.— a. Didactic. — Broaddus (Hist, of the Bible); W. Collier (Gospel Treasury); H. Holcombe (Primi- tive Theology) ; J. Newton Brown (Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge; Obligations of the Sabbath); Howard Malcom (Bible Dictionary; Extent of Atone- ment) ; Francis Wayland (The Ministry ; Human Re- sponsibility); W. R. Williams (The Lord's Prayer; Religious Progress) ; H. C. Fish (History of Pulpit Eloquence), b. Critical and Lixegetical. — Irah Chase (Constitutions and Canons of the Apostles ; Daniel) ; H. J. Ripley (Four Gospels ; Acts ; Romans) ; H. B. Hackett(Chaldee and Hebrew Grammars; Acts; Phi- lemon) ; A. C. Kendrick (Olshausen's Commentary) : Th. C. Conant (Gesenius's Hebrew Grammar ; Job ; the word HaTrTiZuv~) ; Mrs. H. C. Conant (Neander's Com- mentaries); R. E. Pattison (Ephesians); J. T. Hinton (Daniel) ; A. Hovey (Miracles of Christ) ; E. Hutchin-
son (Syriac Grammar) ; A. Sherwood (Notes on New Testament), c. Pohmicid. — Against Universalism, by E. Andrews, J. Tripp, J. Russell, W. C. Rider, R. R. Coon ; against Roman Catholicism, by J. Dowling and R. Fuller, d. Historical.— Benedict (Hist, of all Re- ligions); J. O. Choules (Hist, of Missions); Mrs. 11. C. Conant (Popular Hist, of the Bible).
4. Continent of Europe. — After the extirpation of the Anabaptists, the Baptist principles were represented on the European continent almost exclusively by the Mennonites (q. v.). In 1834 a Baptist society was or- ganized in Hamburg by Oncken, a native German, who was immersed in the Elbe in 1833 by Dr. Sears, since which time the Baptists have spread rapidly in North- ern Europe. In several states, as Sweden and Meck- lenburg, they met with cruel persecution, but in Ham- burg they were recognised by the state in 1859. Be- sides the independent churches organized by them, Baptist doctrine, or at least the rejection of paedobap- tism, has found some adherents in several other church- es, e. g. some pastors in the Free Evangelical churches of France, in the Eeformal State Church of France, and in the Free Apostolic Church, founded in 1856 in Norway. Among the missions established by the Baptists in Asia, Africa, and Australasia, those in India, especially those among the Karens in Burmah (q. v.), have been the most successful. The Karen mission not only counts numerous congregations, but is already the nucleus of a Christian nation.
II. Doctrines and Government. — The Baptists have no standard Confession of Faith. As their churches are independent, each adopts its own articles of re- ligion. In England, as has been stated above, the "Old Connection" are chief!}' Socinians; the "New Connection," evangelical Arminians ; the " Particular Baptists," Calvinists of various shades. In the United States, the regular Baptists are for the most part Cal- vinists, perhaps of a stricter order than their British brethren. The Baptists generally form "Associa- tions," which, however, exercise no jurisdiction over the churches. They recognise no higher church offi- cers than pastors and deacons. Elders are sometimes ordained as evangelists and missionaries. Between clergy and laity the}' recognise no other distinction but that of office.