Bayle, Peteh, was horn at Carlat, formerly in the Comte de i'oix. November 18th, 1617, his father being a Prol sstant minister. At the age of nineteen he was Bent to the college at Puy-Laurens, where he studied from 1666 to 1669 with an ardor that permanently in- jured bis health. Subsequently he was sent to Tou- louse, where he put himself under the philosophical course of the Jesuits. The end of this was his conver- sion from Protestantism, but for a time only. In August, 1G70, he made a secret abjuration of Catholi- cism, and went to Geneva, where he formed an ac- qu lint nice with many eminent men, and especially contracted a close friendship with James Basnage and Minutoli. At Geneva and in the Pays de Vaud he lived four years, supporting himself by private tuition. In 1674 he removed tirst to Rouen, and soon after to Paris. The treasures of the public libraries, and the easy access to literary society, rendered that city agreeable to him above all other places. He corre- sponded freely on literary subjects with his friend Basnage, then studying theology in the Protestant University of Sedan, who showed the letters to the theological professor, M. Jurieu. By these, and by the recommendations of Basnage, Jurieu was induced to propose Bayle to fill the chair of philosophy at Se- dan, tn which, after a public disputation, he was elect- ed, November 2, 1675. For five years he seems to have been almost entirely occupied by the duties of his office. In the spring of 1681, however, he found time to write his celebrated letter on comets, in conse- quence of the appearance of the remarkable comet of 1680, which had excited great alarm among the super- stitious. In 1681 the college at Sedan was arbitrarily suppressed by order of the king, and Bayle went to Rotterdam, where, in 1681, he was called to fill the same chair. Here he published his Critique ginerale il rilitt.'uv da C,i7ri>ii$mc de Mahnbourg, a work ad- mired for its ability by both Catholics and Huguenots, but nevertheless burnt by the hands of the hangman at Paris. About this time a work appeared called VAvis aux Refugies, a satirical work, which treated the Protestants with very little delicacy. This book Jurieu (who had written unsuccessfully in opposition to the Critijue generate above mentioned, and had, in consequence, imbibed a bitter hatred against Bayle) attributed to him; and although Bayle, in more than one Apology, denied the imputation, succeeded so far in raising a belief that Bayle was the author, that in L69 I h ■ was removed from his professorship at Rotter- ! dun. Having now entire leisure, lie commenced his great work, the Dktionnain Historique et Critique, the first edition of which was published in 2 vols. fol. in L696, and the see, mil, much enlarged, in 1702. This edition, and that of 1720 (both in 6 vols, fol.), are es- teemed the l.e-t. Tin: last edition was published at Paris L820 23, 16 vol.. The English edition of 1735, ••dit id, \s it li additions, by liirch and others for the Lon- don booksellers, is more valuable than even the original Him work was undertaken principally to rec- tify the mistakes and Bupply the omissions of Moreri, hut gave great ami just offence in many parts from ,1'" indecency of il j l ingnage, its hold leaning toward Manicbasism, and the captious sophistries which ob- M"'" ''"■ I'1'1"" I truths and infuse doubts into the """ll "' ,!l " reader. Besides Jurieu, two new enemies appeared on this occa ion, Jacquelot and Leclerc, who both attacked Bayle's supposed infidelity. His contro- ,. . 5 with them lasted until near the period of his death, which happened on the 28th of September, 1706, in bia fifty-ninth year. Among his other works are, I. Commentoiresurces paroles d\ Pevangile: Contraim-ks tPentrer (1686):— 2. La Cabak chimeriqw (16:»1):— 3.
'04
BAZAAR
Reponses aux Questions aVun Provincial (5 vols. 12mo, 1702, 1704) : — 4. Janua Calorum Reserata : — 5. /Selected Letters (best ed. 3 vols. 1725) :— 6. Entretiens de Max- ime et de Themiste; ou, Reponse ii M.Leclerc (1706) :— 7. Opuscules, etc. His life was written by Des Maizeaux, in 2 vols. 12mo, 1722, and by Feuerbach (Augsb. 1838). See Haag, La France Protestante, ii, 60-63; Rev. des deux Mondes, Dec. 1835 ; Landon, Eccl. Diet, i, 08.
Bayley, Solomon, a colored preacher of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church in Liberia. He was born a slave in Delaware, and, after cruel hardships, gained his freedom. He emigrated to Liberia about 1832, and, at the organization of the Conference in 1834, was returned supernumerary. He died at Monrovia in great peace in Oct., 1839. ' ' Father Bayley was a good preacher. His language was good, his doctrine sound, and his manner forcible ; his conversation was a bless- ing, and his reward is on high." — Mott, Sketches of Persons of Color ,■ Minutes of Conferences, iii, 62.
Bayly, Lewis, a Welsh prelate, was born at Caer- marthen, and educated at Oxford. In 1616 he was consecrated bishop of Bangor. He died in 1632. He is worthy of mention for his Practice of Piety, one of the most popular religious works of the 17th and 18th centuries. It reached its 51st edition in 1714. Baz. See Maiier-shalal-hash-baz. Bazaar, an Oriental " market-place." In the ear- lier times of the Jewish history it appears that the markets were held near the gates of towns, sometimes within, sometimes without, where the different kinds of goods were exposed for sale, either in the open air or in tents. See Market. But we learn from Jose- phus that in the time of our Saviour the markets, at least in cities, had become such as they now are in the East. These establishments are usually situated in the centre of the towns, and do not bj' any means an- swer to our notion of V a market" — which is usually appropriated to the sale of articles of food — for in these bazaars all the shops and warehouses of the town are collected, and all the trade of the city carried on, of whatever description it may be. In these also are the workshops of those who expose for sale the products of their skill or labor, such as shoe-makers, cap-makers, basket-makers, smiths, etc. ; but every trade has its distinct place to which it is generally confined. Hence one passes along between rows of shops exhibiting the same kinds of commodities, and sometimes extending to the length of a moderate street. Other rows make a similar display of commodities of other sorts. The bazaar itself consists of a series of avenues or streets, with an arched or some other roof, to afford protection from the sun and rain. These avenues are lined by the shops, which are generally raised two or three feet above the ground upon a platform of masonry, which also usually forms a bench in front of the whole line. The shops are in general very small, and entirely open in front, where the dealer sits with great quietness and patience till a customer is attracted by the display of his wares. No one lives in the bazaar: the shops are closed toward evening with shutters, and the bazaar itself is closed with strong gates, after the shopkeepers have departed to their several homes in the town. It sometimes happens that a part of the bazaar consists of an open place or square, around which are shops under an arcade. When this occurs the shops are generally those of fruiterers, green-grocers, and other dealers in vegetable produce, the frequent renewals of whose bulky stock renders it undesirable that their shops should be placed in the thronged and nar- row avenues. In these bazaars business begins very early in the morning — as soon as it is light. During the day it seems to be the place in which all the ac- tivities of the town are concentrated, and presents a scene remarkably in contrast with the characteristic solitude and quietness of the streets, which seem ex- hausted of tiicir population to supply the teeming con-