down to us. See Fisher's articles in Bibl. Sacra, ix, 135, 300 ; and reprint of Baxter's End of Controversy in Bibl. Sacra, April, 1855 ; see also Sir James Stephen, Essays, ii, 1 ; Orme, Life and Times of Baxter (Lond. 1830, -1 vols. 8vo); Watson, Theol. Institutes, ii, 410 ; Nicholls, Calvinism an. 1 . 1 rminianism, p. 714 ; Eliu. Her. lxx, 96; Gerlach, Rich. Baxter nach seinem Leben und Wirken (Berl. 1836) ; Tulloch, English Puritanism (Ed- inb. 18G1) ; English Cyclopwdia, s. v. ; Watson, Diction- ary, s. v. ; Christian Review, viii, 1 ; Wesley, Works, iii, 5G8, G35 ; Allibone, Dictionary of Authors, i, 147.
Bay CP'^5, lashon', tongue; Sept. \o<pia') is spoken of the cove or estuary of the Dead Sea, at the mouth of the Jordan (Josh, xv, 5; xviii, 19), and also of the southern extremity of the same sea (xv, 2), forming the boundary points of the tribe of Judah. De Saulcy, however, contends (Narrative, i, 250) that by this term are represented, respectively, the two extreme points of the peninsula jutting into the lake on the opposite shore, which he states still bears the corresponding Arabic name Lissan. But this would confine the ter- ritory of Judah to very narrow limits on the east, and the points in question are expressly stated to be por- tions of the sea (and not of the land, as the analogy of our phrases "tongue of land," etc., would lead us to suppose), one of them being in fact located at the very entrance of the Jordan. Moreover, the same term (in the original) is used with reference to the forked mouths of the Nile (" the tongue of the Egyptian Sea," Isa. xi, 15) as affording an impediment to travellers from the East. See Dead Sea.
Bay is the color assigned in the English version to one of the span of horses in the vision of Zechariah (vi, 3, 7). The original has D'^K'CX, amutstsim' , strong (Sept. -^«poi), and evidently means jleet or spirited. In ver. 7 it appears to be a corruption for D'^B'lX, adummim' ', red, as in ver. 2.
Bay-TREE (n^TX, ezrach', native; Sept. «i icitcoi tov Aifi&vov, apparently by mistake for i">t"iN) occurs only once in Scripture as the name of a tree, namely, in Psa. xxxvii, £5: "I have seen the wicked in great power, spreading himself like a green bay-tree ;" where some suppose it to indicate a specific tree, as the laurel ; and others, supported by the Sept. and Vulg. the cedar of Lebanon. It is by some considered to mean an evergreen tree, and by others a green tree that grows in its native soil, or that has not suffered by trans- planting, as such a tree spreads itself luxuriantly (so Gesenius, Thes. Ileb. s. v. in accordance with the ety- mology). Others, again, as the unknown author of the sixth Greek edition, who is quoted by Celsius (i, 194), consider the word as referring to the " in- digenous man," in the sense of self -sufficiency ; and this opinion is adopted by Celsius himself, who states that recent interpreters have adopted the laurel or bay-tree for no other reason than because it is an evergreen. Sir Thomas Browne, indeed, says, "As the sense of the text is sufficiently answered by this, we are un- willing to exclude that noble plant from the honor of having its name in Scripture." Isidore de Barriere, on the contrary, concludes that the laurel is not men- tioned in Scripture because it has been profaned by Gentile fables. But the abuse of a thing should not prevent its proper use; and if such a principle had been acted on, we should not have found in Scripture mention of any trees or plants employed by the Gen- tiles in their superstitious ceremonies, as the vine, the olive, and the cedar. — Kitto. See Native.
Bayer, Theophilus Siegfried, was born in 1G94 at Konigsberg, where he acquired his first knowledge of the Oriental languages under Abraham Wolf. In 1720 he was called to St. Petersburg to fill the chair of Greek and Roman antiquities. He died Fob. 21, 1738. Among his numerous works arc the following — 1. Ilistoria cor.greyativnis Cardinalium de Pnpnganda
BAYLE
Fid (Petersburgj 1721, 4toj a satire against the Church of Borne) : — -'. I 'ualiciir n rbtirum Ckristi, Eli, Eli, Lama S iliacth n/t (1717j Ito): — 3. Eistoria Regni Grcecorum Bactriatd, etc. (1737); and many works relating to Chinese and Oriental literature. — Biog. Univ. iii, 603.