Friends (Lond. 1811) :— A Vindication of the Authenticity if the Xarra/ivet contained in the first two Chapters of the Gospel of St. Matthew and St. Luke (Lond. 1*22). The latter work is directed against the objections of the ed- itors of the Unitarian version of the New Testament.
Beverage. The ordinary drink of the Jews was water, which was drawn from the public wells and fountains (John iv, 6, 7), and which was to be refused to no one (Matt, xxv, 35). Water also was the usual beverage of the Egyptians. Modern travellers attest that the water of the Nile, after it has been deposited in jars to settle, is particularly wholesome and pleas- ant, and is drunk in large quantities; while that from the few wells which are to be met with in that country is seldom palatable, being unpleasant and insalubrious. When the modern inhabitants of Egypt depart thence for any time, they speak of nothing but the pleasure they shall find on their return in drinking the water of the Nib. The knowledge of this circumstance gives a peculiar energy to the words of Moses, when he announced to Pharaoh that the waters of the Nile should be turned into blood, even in the very filtering vessels; and that the Egyptians should "loathe to drink of the water of the river" (Exod. vii, 17-19) ; that is, they should loathe to drink of that water which they used to prefer and so eagerly to long for. The common people among the Mohammedans drink water; the rich and noble drink a beverage called sherbet, which was formerly used in Egypt (Gen. xl, 11), where something like our ale or beer, termed bar- ley-wine, was also used, though probably not so far back as the time of Moses. The strong drink, "I30, shekar' ', or aliCEpa, of Luke i, 15, mentioned Levit. x, 9, means any sort of fermented liquors, whether prepared from corn, dates, apples, or an}' other kind of fruits and seeds. After the settlement of the Israelites in Canaan they drank wine of different sorts, which was preserved in skins. Red wine seems to have been the most esteemed (Prov. xxiii, 31). In the time of Sol- omon spiced wines were used, mingled with the juice of the pomegranate (Cantic. viii, 2), and also with myrrh. Wine was also diluted with water, which was given to the buyer instead of good wine, and was con- sequently used figuratively for any kind of adultera- tion (Isa. i, 22). Wine in the East was frequently diluted after it was bought, as may be inferred from two Arabic verbs, which still remain to indicate its dilution. From the pure wine there was made an artificial drink, VEM, chamets', which was taken at meals with vegetables and bread. It was also a com- mon drink (Num. vi, 3), and was used by the Roman soldiers (Matt, xxvii, 48). Medicated wines, it seems, were given to those who were to be crucified, in order to blunt the edge of pain .and lessen the acuteness of sensibility, which may explain the passage in Matthew xxvii, 34. See Wine.
The vessels used for drinking among the Jews were at first horns ; but these were afterward used only for the purpose of performing the ceremony of anointing. The other drinking vessels were cups and bowls. See Cup. The cup was of brass covered with tin, in form resembling a lily, though sometimes circular; it is used by travellers to this day, and may be seen in both shapes on the ruins of Porsepolis. The bowl in Conn generally resembled a lily (Exod. xxv, 33), al- though it may have varied, for it had many names. Some had no cover, and were probably of a circular shape, as the Hebrew names seem to indicate. Bowls of this kind which belonged to the rich were, in the time of Moses, made of silver and gold, as appears from Num. vii, 84. The larger vessels from which wine was poured out into cups were called urns, hot- ties, small bottles, and a bottle of shell, 13, lead, with a small orifice. — Jahn, Archaeology, § 144. See Drink.
Beveiidge, Thomas H., a Presbyterian divine,
BEVEKIDGE
793
BEWLEY
was born in March, 1830. He was the eldest son of j Dr. Thomas Beveridge, professor in the Theological Seminary of the United Presbyterian Church in Xenia, Ohio. He graduated at Jefferson College, and was ordained to the ministry in 1853 by the Associate Presbytery of Philadelphia, and in Dec. 1854, install- ed pastor of the Third Associate congregation of Phila- delphia. He was clerk of his presbytery from the time of his ordination, assistant clerk of the general assemblies of the United Presbyterian Church in 1859 and 1860, a member of the Board of Foreign Missions of his denomination, as also of the executive commit- tee of the Presbyterian Historical Society. He was a man of fine literary attainments, and for several years the able editor of the Evangelical Repository, a United Presbyterian monthly. He died suddenly of conges- tion of the brain, Aug. 15, 18C0. See Evangel. Re- pository, Sept. 18G0.
Beveridge, William, D.D., bishop of St. Asaph, was born at Barrow, Leicestershire, in 1038. He was educated at Oakham, and entered the College of St. John, Cambridge, in May, 1653. He was not ordain- ed until after the Restoration, an interval which he probably employed in the investigation of the subject] to which the temper and tumult of the times directed so many other? — the primitive records and history of the Church, lie applied himself in the first instance to the Oriental languages; and his first publication, when he was only twenty years of age, was entitled Ue Linguarum Orientalium, etc., pi-cestantia et usu, cum Crammalica Syriaca (Lond. 1G58, again in 1G84, 8vo). In 1GG1 he was appointed to the vicarage of Ealing, r.nd in 1G72 to the living of St. Peter's, Cornhill. In IGG9 he published Insiiiutt. Chronol. libri duo (Lond. 1669, 4to). In 1681 he was made archdeacon of Col- chester, and in 1G91 he was offered the see of Bath and Wells, from which Ken had been expelled by the gov- ernment. This see Beveridge refused ; but in 1704 he accepted that of St. Asaph, which he held till his death, March 5th, 1708. In every ecclesiastical sta- tion which be held he exhibited all the qualifications and virtues which ought to distinguish an ecclesiastic. He was a man cf a very religious mind, and has been styled "the great reviver and restorer cf piinritive piety." His profound erudition is sufficiently evi- denced by his works, which include, besides those named above, 1. ~2.vv6Bikov sire Pandectm C tnonum SS. Apostolorum et Conciliorum, necnon canonicarum SS. Pa- trum epistolarum, cum scholis (Oxf. 1G72, 2 vols. fob). Vol. i contains the Prolegomena, canons apostolical, and those of the ancient councils, together with the Com- mentaries of Balsamon, Zonaras, and Aristenes, in Greek and Latin, in double columns ; the Arabic para- phrase of Joseph the Egyptian on the first four coun- cils, and a translation by Beveridge. Vol. ii contains the Canons of Dionysius, Peter of Alexandria, St. Gregory Thaumaturgus, St. Athanasius, St. Basil, and St. Gregory Nazianzen, together with the Scholia of the Greek Canonists, the Syntagma of Matthew Blas- tires, and tin- Remarks, etc., of Beveridge :— 2. Codex Canonum Eccl. Primitive vindicaivs et il/ustratiis (Lond. 1G78): — 3. An Explication of the Church Catechism (5th cd. 1714, 12mo):— 4. Private Thoughts (Lond. 1709: written iti his youth, but not printed until after his death):— 5. Sermons (2 vols. fol. 1720; and besides many other editions, in 1842, Oxf. 8vo) :— 6. Thesaurus Th< ologicus (Lond. 1711, 4 vols. 8vo ; Oxf. 1820, 2 vols. 8vo). His writings were collected into a new edition by T. Hartwell Home (Lond. 1824, 9 vols. 8vo), also in a more complete edition in the "Anglo-Catholic Library" (Oxf. 1844-1848, 12 vols. 8vo).