Botany, the science that treats of the vegetable kingdom. The only trace of a systematic classifica- tion on this subject in the Scriptures is found in the account of the creation (Gen. i, 11, 12), where the following distinctions are made: 1. De'shu, KtU^T, "grass," i.e. the first shoots of herbage ; 2. F/seb, 3©5, "herb," i. e. green or tender plants; 3. Ets, yv, " tree," i. e. woody shrubs and trees. These divisions correspond in general to the obvious ones of grassy, herbaceous, and arborescent forms of vegetable growth, the two former comprising annuals and those destitute of a firm stem. Solomon is said to have written, or, at least, discoursed on botanical productions ranging "from the cedar of Lebanon to the hyssop that spring- eth out of the wall" (1 Kings iv, 33) ; but of his trea- tise or effusions nothing is now extant or further al- luded to, if indeed this be any thing more than a hy- perbolical mode of representing his general compass of knowledge (comp. Josephus, Ant. viii, 2, 5) accord- ing to the then unscientific standard. See SciEN< E. A large number and considerable variety, however, of trees and plants are more or less referred to in the Bi- ble, but of many of these there exist very slight means of identifying the exact species according to modern botanical systems. The following is a list of all the individuals of the vegetable kingdom of scriptural oc- currence, in the alphabetical order of their Hebrew or Greek names, with their probable modern equivalents, and renderings in the Authorized English Version. See these last each in its proper place in this work. "melons."
Apsinthos, Wormwood,
A rabim', Osier,
Ashur', Cedar (?),
Baton, Palm,
Easam', Eesam', or Be' sem, Balsa
Abattichim', Melon,
A biiion ih\ < taper-plant,
Arliu', Sedge,
Adash', Lentil,
A gam', Heed,
Agmon', Reed,
Agrielains, Oleaster, Ahalim' and Ahaloth', Aloe,
Akanlha, Bramble, AVwrnmim' or Almuggim', Sandal-tree,
Allah' or Allon', Terebinth,
Aide, Aloe,
Anithon, Dill,
"flag, etc
"lentil."
"reed."
" bulrush," etc.
" wild olive."
" aloes."
"thorn."
" almug - trees,"
"oak," etc. [etc.
" aloes."
" anise."
Batoz,
Bekaim',
Berosh' or Berolh',
Be'tsel,
Beushvm',
Likkurah',
P.o'ser,
Boshah.',
Botnim',
Emxos or Bute,
ChabatxtH-'Wh,
Challaimtth,
Charcy'- Yonim',
Chartsan',
Charul',
Chatsir',
Che'dek,
Chclbenah',
Chittah' and CMntin',
Cho'ach,
Chor and Chur,
Dardar',
Dochan',
Dudalm',
Ebeh',
Utah' or Eton',
Elaia,
E'rez,
E'shel,
Ets-slic'men,
EzoV,
Gad,
Go'me,
Go'pher,
Iladas',
Hedtwsmon,
Ilolmi',
Hus&ypos,
KaUimot;
Kali',
Kalulaios,
Ramon',
Kaneh',
Karkom',
Karpas',
Ka'yits,
Keratton,
Ke'Uach,
Ketsiyah',
Kikayon',
Eimmosh' or Kimosh',
Bramble, Gum-tree,
Cypress,
(Inien,
Poison-berry,
Early Fig,
Unripe Grape,
Weed,
Pistachio,
Linen,
Meadow Saffron,
Purelain,
Kale,
Sour Grape,
Bramble,
Greens,
Mad-apple,
Galfaanum,
Wheat,
Thorn,
Linen,
Weed,
Millet,
Love-apple,
Papyrus,
Terebinth (''),
Olive,
Cedar,
Tamarisk,
Olive,
Hyssop,
Coriander,
Papyrus,
Cypress,
Myrtle,
Mint,
Ebony,
Hyssop,
Besd,
Boasted grains,
Olive,
Cummin,
Cane,
Saffron,
Cotton (?),
Fig,
Carol),
Fennel-flower,
Cassia,
Castor-plant,
Thistle,
1 worrmvood." 'willows." 1 Ashurites." ' branch." ' spice." 'bush," ete. ' mulberry." ' fir." 'Onion.'' 'wild grapes." 'first ripe," etc. 'sour grapes." ' cockle." 'nuts." 'fine linen."
'egg.
'doves' dung. ' kernels." 'nettle." ' leeks." 'thorn," "brie ' galba
Kinamon' and Kinamb- Cinnamon,
vwn,
Kil'] nth'
Kislishu', Ko'pher,
Eots,
Krinon,
Krilhe,
Kam'inon,
Kitsxe'meth,
Libdnos and Libonah'.
Libneh',
Lot, '
Luz,
Mallu'uch,
Man and Manna,
Mor,
Xardos,
Kataph',
Olunthos,
O'ren,
Pag,
Pa' knot!,',
Pegdnon,
Pe'ftheth or Pixhtah',
Phoinix,
Pol,
Rimmon',
Posh,
Ro'them,
Sallun' or Sillon',
Seneh',
Sri. rah',
Shaked',
Shamir',
Sha'yith,
Shesh,
Shittah' or SMttim',
Shoshan', Shushan', e
Shum,
Sindpi,
Sir,
Sirpad',
Palm, '
Cucumber, '
Cyprus-flower, '
Thorn, '
Lily,
Barley,
Cummin,
Spelt,
frankincense,
Poplar,
Flax,
Ladanum,
Almond,
Sea I'urslain,
Manna,
Myrrh,
Spikenard,
Aromatics,
1'nripo Fig.
I'inei.o.
Unripe Fig,
Wild Cucumber,
Rue,
Flax,
Palm, Lean,
Pomegranate, Poppy (?),
Spanish Broom,
Prickle,
Bramble,
Barley.
Almond,
Brier,
Thorn,
Linen,
Acacia,
Lily,
Garlic,
Mustard,
Thorn,
Kettle,
it."
'millet." ' mandrake." 'swift."
'oak." 'olive." 'cedar." ' grove," etc. ' oil-tree."
• hyssop."
1 coriander."
' rush," etc.
'gopher."
'myrtle."
'mint."
'ebony."
'hyssop."
' reed," etc.
' parched corn."
'good olive."
'cummin."
' reed," etc.
' saffron."
'green."
' summer."
' husk."
' fitches."
'cassia."
' gourd."
' nettle."
•cinnamon."
' branch."
' cucumber."
'pitch," etc.
'thorn," "brier."
'lily."
'barley."
'cummin."
' rye," etc.
' frankincense."
'poplar."
'linen."
'myrrh."
1 hazi 1."
' mallows."
' manna."
'myrrh."
'spikenard."
1 staete."
' untimely figs."
•ash."
•'green figs."
' wild gourd."
'flax."
• palm."
■' beans."
•L pomegranate."
■'gall," etc. "juniper."
•'thorn," "brier."
"bush."
"barley."
"almond."
"brier."
" thorn."
•'fine linen," etc.
"shittah," etc.
"lily."
"garlic."
" mustard."
" thorn."
" brier."
BOTCH
860
BOTTLE
Sitds,
Grain,
"wheat," "cor
Skuhps,
Brier,
"thorn."
Smurna,
Myrrh,
u myrrh."
Sorek',
( rrape,
"vine."
Staph&le,
Grape,
11 bunch."
Sub or Silicon,
rig,
"fig."
-
Sycamore,
"sycamore."
Suph,
Vamar'ot Timmorah',
Sea-weed,
" weed," etc.
Palm,
" palm."
Tappu'ach,
Apple c:\
"apple."
Teunah',
Plantain,
"fig."
Teiixlishur',
Cedar,
"box."
Thula,
Citron ('?),
" thyine."
Tidha> ',
Holm (?),
" pine."
Tirzah',
Ilex (?)
" cypress."
T, fWfog,
Caltrop,
"brier."
rs't]>hfsaphah\ TSeelim',
■Willow,
"willow."
Lotus,
" shady."
Tsimmuk',
Raisins,
" raisins."
Txinnim' or Tsininim',
Prickly shrubs,
" thorns."
Tsori',
Halm,
" balm."
Za'mth,
Olive,
"olive."
Ze'plteth,
Pitch,
"pitch."
Zizania,
Darnel,
" tares."
See Ursini Arboretum Biblicum (Norimberg, 1685, 12mo); Hiller, Hierophyticon (Traj. ad Rhen. 1725, 4to); Forskal, Flora yEgyptiaco - Arabica (Haunias, 1775, 4to) ; Celsius, Hierobotanicum (Upsal, 1745, 2 vols. 8vo); Russell, Nat. Hist, of Aleppo (Lond. 1714, 2 vols. 4to) ; Bruce, Travels (vol. iii, Edinb. 1805, 4to) ; Kitto, Phys. Hist, of Palest, (vol. ii, Lond. 1843, 8vo); Osborne, Plants of the Holy Land (Phila. 1860, 4 to); Calcott, Script. Herbal (Lond. 1842, 8vo) ; Rosenmiiller, Bib. Botany (tr. from the German (Edinb. 1846, 12mo). Comp. Wilkinson, Anc. Egypt, abridg. ii, 20-38. See Plant; Tree; Fritt; Flower; Natural History.