Bourne, George, Lev., was born and educated in England. After emigrating to the United States he became a minister of the Reformed Dutch Church in 1833. He held no pastoral charge, but was chiefly en- gaged in literary and theological pursuits in connec- tion with publishing houses and the press. An ardent and learned controversialist, he was the author of works on Romanism and slavery, an earnest preacher, and a faithful champion of the Protestant cause. He died in 1845, in New York, at an advanced age.
Bourne, Hugh, founder of the " Primitive Meth- odist Connection," was born April 3d, 1772, in Staf- fordshire, England. He was brought up a Wesleyan Methodist, and became an active and zealous preacher. When about thirty years of age he associated himself with William Clowes and some other preachers of the Wesleyan body in reviving open-air religious services and camp -meetings. These proceedings, although common enough in the early days of Methodism, and found very useful in America, were discountenanced by the Conference, which in 1807 passed a resolution to the following effect : " It is our judgment that, even supposing such meetings (camp-meetings) to be allow- ed in America, they are highly improper in England, and likely to be productive of considerable mischief, and we disclaim all connection with them." This led to Mr. Bourne's separation from the Conference, and the establishment of the Primitive Methodist Connec- tion, the first class of which was formed at Standley, Staffordshire, in 1810. The difference between the Primitive Methodists and the Wesleyan Methodists consists chiefly in the free admission of laymen to the Conference of the former body. See Methodists, Primitive. In 1844 Mr. Bourne visited the United States of America, where his preaching attracted large congregations. From his youth he was a rigid ab- : stainer from intoxicating drinks, in which respect . many of the preachers and members of the Primitive. Methodist Connection have followed his example. He | died at Bemersley, in Staffordshire, October 11, 1852. Bow (nrp, he'shcth ; ro^or), one of the most ex- tensively employed and (among primitive nations) ef- ficient implements of missile attack. See Armor. It is met with in the earliest stages of history, in use both for the chase (Gen. xxi, 20 ; xxvii, 3) and war (xlviii, 22). In later times archers accompanied the armies of the Philistines (1 Sam. xxxi, 3; 1 Chron. x, 3) and of the Syrians (1 Kings xxii, 34). Among the Jews its use was not confined to the common soldiers, but captains high in rank, as Jehu (2 Kings ix, 21), and even kings' sons (1 Sam. xviii, -1), carried the bow, and were expert and sure in its use (2 Sam. i, 22).
Ancient Egyptian "treading" the Bow,
BOW
864
BOWEN
The tribe of Benjamin seems to have been especially addicted to archery (1 Chron. viii, -JO ; xii, 2; 2 Chron. xiv, 8" xvii, 7), but there were also bowmen among Reuben, Gad, Manasseh (1 Chron. v, 18), and Ephraim
( Psa. lxxviii. 9). The bow seems to have been bent with the aid of the foot, as now, for the word common- ly used for it is ~~~, to trend (1 Chron. v, 18; viii, 40; 2 Chron. xiv, 8; Isa. v, 18; Psa. vii, 12, etc.). Bows of steel (or perhaps copper, SlUMI"!?) are mention- ed as if specially strong (2 Sam. xxii, 5; Psa. xviii, 34). The string is occasionally named ("IP?, ye'iher, or ~r"2, meythar'). It was probably at first some bind- weed or natural cord, since the same word is used in Judg. xvi, 7-9, for "green withs." In the allusion to bows in 1 Chron. xii, 2, it will be observed that the sentence in the original stands "could use both the right hand and the left in stones and arrows out of a bow," the words "hurling" and "shooting" being in- terpolated by the translators. It is possible that a kind of bow for shooting bullets or stones is here al- luded to, like the pellet-bow of India, or the "stone- bow" in use in the Middle Ages, and to which allu- sion is made by Shakspcare {Twelfth Nifjht, ii, 5), and which in Wisd. v, 22, is employed as the translation of 7TETpofi6\og. This latter word occurs in the Sept. text of 1 Sam. xiv, 14, in a curious variation of a pas- sage which in the Hebrew is hardly intelligible — iv fioXiai, Kcti iv 7rf-no JoAofC, ecri iv KoykaZji too irtciov : " with things thrown, and with stone-bows, and with flints of the field." If this be accepted as the true reading, we have here, by comparison with xiv, 27, 43, an interesting confirmation of the statement (xiii, 19- 22) of the degree to which the Philistines had deprived the people of arms, leaving to the king himself noth- ing but his faithful spear, and to his son no sword, no shield, and nothing but a stone-bow and a staff (Auth. Vers. "rod'"). See Bowman.
The Arrows C^Sln, chitstsim') were carried in a quiver i"~r. teli', Gen. xxvii, 3; or ns'rN, ashpach', Psa. xxii, 6; xlix, 2; exxvii, 5). From an allusion in .Toll vi, 4, they would seem to have been sometimes poisoned : and the "sharp arrows of the mighty with coals of juniper," in Psa. exx, 4, may point to a prac- tice of usin?; arrows with some burning material at- tached to them. — Smith. See Archer.