III. LUerature.—The best edition of the Latin works of Calvin is that of Amsterdam (1671, 9 vols. fol.). A new edition is now going on in the Corpus HeformcUO' rttm, under the title Calvim Opera qua superswU omnia (vols, i-v, Brunswick, 1864, 1867). An excellent and very cheap edition of the Com$netUaru in N. 7*., edited by Tholuck, was published at HaUe (1888-88, 7 vols. 8vo); one of the Comm. in Psahnos (1886, 2 vols.) and of the InstikOiones Eeliffionis Christiana was likewise edited by Tholuck (Halle, 1884, 1886, 2 vols. 8vo) ; one of the Comm, in Hb. Geneseos (1888, 8vo) by Hengsten- berg. Most of Covin's writings have beoa translated into English ; and a new and revised edition has been issued under the auspices of the ** Calvin Translation Society,** in very handsome style, yet cheap (Edinb. 61 vols. 8vo). Its contents are as follows : Institutes of (he Christian Beligion^ 8 vols. ; Tracts on the Befor- imtfton, 8 vols. ; Commentary on Genesis, 2 vols. ; ffar- many of the last Four Books of the Pentixleuch, 4 vols. ; Commentary on Joshua, 1 vol. ; Commentary on the Psahns, 6 vols. ; Commentary on Isaiah, 4 vols. ; Oom- meniary on Jeremiah and' Lamentations, 6 vols. ; Com- mentary on Ezekiel, 2 vols. ; Commentary on Daniel, 2 vols. ; Commentary on Hosea, 1 vol. ; Commentary on Joel, Amos, and Obadiah, 1 vol. ; Commentary on Jonah, Micah, and Nahum, 1 vol. ; Commentary on ffabaldeuk, Zephaniah, and Haggai, 1 vol. ; Commentary on ZechO" riah and dfalachi, 1 vol. ; Harmony of the Synoptical Evangelists, 8 vols. ; Commentary on John's Gospel, 2 vols. ; Commentary on Acts of (he Apostles, 2 vols. ; Commentary on Romans, 1 vol. ; Commentary on Corin' ihians, 2 vols. ; Commentary on Galatians and Ephesians, 1 vol. ; Commentary on PhUippians, Colossians, and Thes- salonians, 1 vol. ; Commentary on Tmothy, Titus, and Philemon, 1 vol. ; Commentary on Hebrews, 1 vol. ; Com- mentary on Peter, John, James, and Jude, 1 vol. There are English translations of his Institutiones by John Allen (Lond. 1818, reprinted in several editions by the Philadelphia Presbyterian Board of Publication), and by Beveridge (Edinb. 1868, 8vo). CJal vin's life was writ- ten in brief by Beza (Eng. ed. 1844, Edinb. Trans. Soc. ; also Phila. 1886, 12mo) and.Farel ; but within the last few years several biographies have appeared. The most copious and elaborate isLebenJ, Calvin^ s, von Paul Henry, D.D. (Hamb. 1886-1844, 8 vols. 8vo). The au- thor procured for his work the inedited letters of Calvin, which are preserved in Geneva, and gives the most im- portant of them in the appendices. A poor translation has been published, entitled The life of Calvin, transla- ted from the German of Dr. Henry, by H. Stebbing, D.D. (Lond. 1849, 2 vols. 8vo) ; it omits most of the notes and appendices which make up great part of Henry's work. A Roman Catholic biography by Audin (Zfl*-
tcire, etc, de J. Qdvin, par J. M. Y. Audin, Paris, 2 vols. 1841) has the sole merit of a lively and piquant style. An English trahslation has been published in Baltimore (History, etc., of John CaMn, IranMedfrom Audin, by John MHjill, 8vo); and it has also been translated into German (Augsb. 1848-44, 2 vols.), into Italian (in PirotU's Bibliot. Ecdu. vols, ix and x, Milan, 1848), and into other languages. A graphic but superficial biography has been published by Thomas H. Dyer (Lond. 1860 ; N. Y., Harpers, 1861). A biography, to- gether with select writings of Calvin, was pubUdied by St&helin (J. Calvin. Leb. u. ausgewdhlte S<hriftm, Elberfeld, 2 vols. 1860, 1868). There is a good sketch of Calvin's life, by Kobbins, in the BtbHotheca Sacra, vol. ii, for 1846. On the theology of Calvin, see Gass, ProL DogmaOk, vol. i, bk.i ; art Calvinism; Mnd Revue Chrkienne, 1868, p. 720; Cunningham, The Reformers and Theology of the Reformation, Essays, vi-x. See also Tulloch, Leaders of the Reformation (new ed. Lond. 1861) ; Bungener, Cahm, his Life and Works (Edinb. 1862, 8vo). The Letters of Calvin, fh>m original MSS., were first edited by Bonnet and translated by Consta- ble (Edinb. 1866, 4 vols. 8vo, repub. by Presbyterian Board [Philadelphia]). A new edition of the Institutes in French, Institution de la Religion Chrktemte, en quatrt livres, appeared in Paris, 1869 (2 vols. 8vo). Itoontains an introduction by the jeditors, with a history of previ- ous editions. See Meih: Quart. Review, Oct 1860, art iii ; Amer. Theol. Review, Feb. 1860, p. 129 ; North BriL Rofiew, vol. xiii ; Brit. €tnd Foreign Evang. Review, No. 3(xxui; BibHath. Sacra, xiv, p, 126; Kdstlin, in 8tu^ dien u. Kritiken, 1868, i, U.
Calvinism, properly, the whole system of theolo- gy taught by John Calvin, including his doctrine of the sacraments, etc. It is now, however,'genendly used to denote the theory of grace and predestinatk>n set forth in Calvin's Institutes, and adopted, with more or less modification, by several of the Protestant churdip es. See Calvinists.
I. Calvin*s own Views (Supralapearian). — ^These are set forth (from Keander) under the article Calvin (q. v.). We give here simply such farther extracts from Calvin's own writings as are necessary to show his system.
(1.) '* Predestination, by which God adopts some to the hope of life, and adjudges others to eternal death, no one desirous of the credit of piety dares absolutely to deny. But it is involved in many cavils, especially by those who make foreknowledge the cause of it We maintain that both belong to God; but it is pre- posterous to represent one as dependent on the other. Predestination we call the eternal decree of God, by which he hath determined in himself what he would have to become of every individual of mankind. For they are not all created with a similar destiny; but eternal life is foreordained for some, and etemd dam- nation for others. Every man, therefore, being crea- ted for one or the other of these ends, we say he is pre- destinated either to life or to death." After having spoken of the election of the race of Abraham, and then of particular branches of that race, he proceeds : ** Though it is sufficiently clear that God, hi his secret counsel, freely chooses whom he will, and rejects oth- ers, his gratuitous election is but half displayed till we come to particular individuals, to whom God not only offers salvation, but assigns it in such a manner that the certainty of the eflf^ is liable to no suspense or doubt** He sums up the chapter in which he thus generally states the doctrine in these words: "In conformity, therefore, to the dear doctrine of the Scripture, we assert that, by an eternal and immutable counsel, God hath once for all determined both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would con- demn to destruction. We affirm that this counsel, as far as concerns the elect, is founded on his gratuitous mercy, totally irrespective of human merit ; but that to those whom he devotes to condemnation, the j