PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK

McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 2

John McClintock & James Strong · 1,214,832 words · 1184 reading sections

Section 1

This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project to make the world's books discoverable online. It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is o…

907 words SECTION 2

Section 2

J. W. M.— Professor J. W. Marshall, late of Dickinson CoUege. B. H. N.— ProfiBssor B. H. Nadal, D.D., Drew Theological Seminary. W. K. P.— The Rev. W. K. Pendleton, D.D., Bethany, Va. J. N. P. — Jules N. Pbobschel, Paris, France. . W. R. P.— The Rev.W. R. Powebs, Norfolk, N. Y. A. S. Q.— The Rev. A. S. Qvint, D.D.,…

919 words SECTION 3

Section 3

884 884 889 898 898 897 401 401 401 402 402 402 402 406 425 485 448 464 487 497 498 ^9 603 504 508 606 509 509 615 615 618 520 621 521 529 630 , 530 , 680 , 630 , 631 . 681 . 632 . 682 . 632 Numldian Crane Map of Crete Crocodile. Crosiers Forms of Crosses. Tablet of " Chrlsrs Cross** Cross-bearer to Italy and Bo…

946 words SECTION 4

Section 4

We are reminded by this indefinite title that among the Jews, as throughout the greater part of the East, hnman knowledge, whether historioal or scientific, rested principally on a sort of tuceeetum, and the best dain for its reception was an unbroken chain of tra- ditiooaiy evidence. Hence the care with which Juda- is…

911 words SECTION 5

Section 5

1. Nature of the Deity. — God is above everything, even above being and thinking. It cannot, therefore, be said of him that he has either a will, intention, de- sire, thought, language, or action, since these proper- ties, which adorn man, have limits, whereas God is in every way boundless, because he is perfect. Owing…

1,049 words SECTION 6

Section 6

CABALA 3 CalttUillc Diagrams of the ^^ Sephiroth.** pemnoe of these three fonns, the Sephirotk are so ar- ranged that the three triads and the middle pillar are to be dlstfaignished in each one of them. 4. Prooetgeg of the Ditme DevdopmemU—Tha&b Sepki- mky or God through them, created the lower and vis- ible worid,…

1,214 words SECTION 7

Section 7

CABALA the Bible, in the Hegada, Mid even in ike SMw Koma^ ire at once taken from the Deity, and yet literally ex- plained ; while the aacrificial institations, the precepts, and the ritual of the Bible and Talmud, receive at the aame time a profound spiritual import. The Cabala in its present state is therefore a her…

1,359 words SECTION 8

Section 8

CABALA CABALA ODd of tiie tidrteenth, and the revene (iiiAldiig the al- phabet called Atbam^ D^^M). See Atbach. Tbe more multi^uioiia these trifles, the easier it is to ar- rive in every given case at a result, and the less wit or thooght is required. Thus the Christian theology of the nth century, which itself incli…

1,014 words SECTION 9

Section 9

The earliest cabalist was Asariel, whose Commentary on the Doctrine of tke Sephiroth (nil'^pO ^nijy tt^si^lD), in questions and answers, has been published (War- saw, 1798; Berl. 1850); also his Commentary on tke Song ofSonge (Altona, 1764), usually, ascribed to his pupO Nadimanides or Ramhan (q. v.). Among the most i…

924 words SECTION 10

Section 10

Cabat. See Communism. Cabin (Tisisn, ehamdk' i Sept. merely Gnecizes, CABUL I n x^\ property a vault or cnU (so the margin) with- in the dungeon, and under ground, for the separate confinement of prisoners (Jer. xxxvii, 16). Others I (Scheid, in the Ditt, Lugdun, p. 988) understand it to ' mean a curved post, i. e…

920 words SECTION 11

Section 11

Ca'dte (Ka^^ V. r. K^^ec and Kc^^c)> & Grscized form (1 Mace xi, 68, 73) of the name of Kxdbsh (q. V.) hi Naphtali (Josh, xx, 7). Ca'd^-Bar'nd (JLaBtK Bapvri\ a Grsedzed form (Judith V, 14) of Kadesh-babhsa (q. v.). Cad'miel (Ka^/iiiyXoc ▼. r. KaioriXoo), one of the Levites whose ** sons" returned from the captivity,…

1,067 words SECTION 12

Section 12

CaBsar (Grsecized ILaiaap ; hence the Germ, title KcAter^ Bussian Czar\ a name assumed by or conferred upon all the Boman emperors after Julius Cnsar (who is said to have been so named fhnn his having been bom by a surgical operation, ceeftw). In this way C^ESAREA 8 it became a sort of title, like Pheraoh, and, as su…

1,172 words SECTION 13

Section 13

CoLiififCffi?ar%n Pilenitiw, CflBsarea is the scene of several interesting circnm- stanoes described in the New Testament, such as the conversion of Cornelius, the first-fruits of the GentUes (Acts x) ; the residence of Philip the Evangelist (Acts xxi, 8). It was here also, in the amphitheatre boilt by his grandfather…

937 words SECTION 14

Section 14

TUs dty lay about 130 miles north from Jerusalem, CJQSAREA and a day and a halTs Journey from Damascus, at the springs c^ the Jordan, and n^r the fbot of Isbel Shrik, or the Prince's Mount, a lofty branch of Lebanon, forming in that direction the boundary between Pales- tine and Syria Proper. Here Herod the Qreat ere…

973 words SECTION 15

Section 15

CaesariuB, St., of Arles, was bom in 469 at Cha- lons-sur-Saohe. He early developed monkish tenden- cies, and privately withdrew from his parents to the monastery of Lerins, where he was appointed to the office of cellarer. Afterward, falling ill from extreme asceticism, he was obliged to> remove to Aries, and was belo…

1,143 words SECTION 16

Section 16

M ca&ed because he had formerly filled the situation. Bat it does not thus appear why, of those who held the high-priesthood before Caiaphas, Annas in par- ticular should be named, and not Ishmael, Eliazer, or Simon, who had all served the office more recently than Annas. Hence Kuindl and others consider it as the mo…

938 words SECTION 17

Section 17

Cain (Heb. Kayin^ *)^^, a lanoe [but see below]), the name of a man and of a city. See Kentte ; Tu- bal-Cain. 1. (Sept. and N. T. Kd'iV. The root seems to be "l^p, to heat^ perhaps with allusion to the murder ; the context, however, ver. 1, makes thi8=n3^, to cr&xtej cbUm; others, as Ensebius and Chrysostom, derive it…

939 words SECTION 18

Section 18

The punishment which attended the crime admitted of no escape, scarcely of any conceivable alleviation. ** He lost the privileges of primogeniture, was deprived of the priesthood, banished from * the presence* of the divine glory between the cherubim, shut out from tiie hopes of mercy, and, with his descendants, delive…

972 words SECTION 19

Section 19

(8.) The narrative implies the existence of a con- adnaUs popnlatioD in Cain^s time ; for he fears lest he ihoald be murdered in return for the murder he had committed (ver. 14). Josephus (i4n^ i, 2, 1) explains his ^esD sa arising, not ttmn men, but f^m wild beasts ; botsoch an explanation is wholly unneceesaxy* The …

995 words SECTION 20

Section 20

Additional treatises : Stockmann, De Caino pramo' nito (Jen. 1792); Danz, id. (ib. 1681, 1782); Bosseck, De sacrificm Caud et ffabd (Lips. 1781) ; Niemeyer, Ckarakt. ilf 67 sq. ; Buttmann, Mythol. i 164 sq. ; Otho, Lex. Rab. p. 109 sq. ; Eisenmenger, Enid. JudetUk. i, 462, 471, 8S2, 836 ; Hottinger, Eist. OrientaUs, p.…

1,203 words SECTION 21

Section 21

CAIUS 15 CAKE or Serpentiniaiis. Tbey beld that SopkuL (Wisdom) found means to preserve in every age in this world, wiiichtbe Deminige bad created, a race bearing witbin them a sptritoal nature similar to ber own, and intent upon opposing tbe ^rrannj of tbe Demituge. The Cain- ites regarded Cain as tbecbief of tbis …

982 words SECTION 22

Section 22

1. For secular f7#e.— The ordhuuy (wheaten) bread of the Hebrews certainly had the shape of flat biscuits ; and as this has been already sufficiently discussed un- der the article Bake, we will here consider only those finer sorts, which appear to have been of more artifi- cial manufacture. The terms for these are as f…

1,065 words SECTION 23

Section 23

to, but the Import of the words there employed is wy uncertain. On the Greek cakes, see eepecijAlly Athen. xiv, 644 sq. See generally Ran, Diss, de re cibari JSfii. brmor. (Tr. ad Rh. 1769).'Winer, i, 686. See Food. 2. As saerijkial Offerings. — ^The second chapter of Leviticus gives a sort of list of the different ki…

1,165 words SECTION 24

Section 24

Calamoraltis (KoXa/K^XoXoc, Vulg. CKornus), given (1 Esdr. ▼, 22) as the name of a place whose ** ions'* were restored after the exile; apparentiy a rarmpt a^lomeration of the names Elaji, Harih, LoD, and Hadid in the genuine text (Ezra ii, 81, 82). CalSmon. See Stcamina. Cal'amiui occurs in three passages of the Aut…

873 words SECTION 25

Section 25

age of seventeen he went to the Unirenity of Utrecht, where he was placed under the tuition of the distin- guished professors De Vries and Greyius. In 1691, when Principal Carstairs was sent to Holland in quest of a gentleman to fill a professor's chair in the Uni- versity of Edinburgh, he applied to Calamy, and press-…

945 words SECTION 26

Section 26

Calatrava, a military order of Spain, named from the town of Calatrava, in New Castile. It had its origin in the following circumstances : When Alphon- so, the father of Sanchez III, had taken the town of Calatrava, in 1147, from the Moors, he gave it to the Templars to defend ; but when it was spread abroad in 1158 th…

985 words SECTION 27

Section 27

Caldwell, David, D.D., a Presbyterian minister, was bom in Lancaster county, Pa., March 22, 1725, graduated at Princeton in 1761, and was licensed to preach by the New Brunswick Presbytery in 1768. Being ordained in 1766, he became pastor of the con- gregations of Buf&lo and Alamance, N. C, in 1768. In 1776 he was a me…

957 words SECTION 28

Section 28

2. (Sept XaXfi/3.) A '* son of Hur, the first-bom of Ephratah" above named (and therefore the grandson of the preceding), according to 1 Chron. ii, &, where his sons are enumerated. B.C. ante 1658. Some, however, have identified him with the foregoing, sup- posing a corraption in the text 3. (Sept XoXt/S, but XaXe/3 i…

959 words SECTION 29

Section 29

Calendar, Jbwish. I. Hebrew Lunar Calendar, of Feasts and Fcwto.— The year of the Hebrews is com- posed of twelve (and occasionally of thirteen) lunar months, of thirty and twenty-nine days alternately. The year begins in autumn as to the civil year, and in the spring as to the sacred year. The Jews had cal- endars anc…

953 words SECTION 30

Section 30

S8 — A fast for the death of the prophet Samuel 0. Sam. v,l). 8IVAN. The third eaered, or ninth etvU month; thtrty day$; the moon of Mat or Jcms. Day 1. — New moon. 0.— Pentecost, the fifUeth dav after the Passover— called abo the Feast of Weeks, because it happened seven weeks after the Passover. We do not find t…

920 words SECTION 31

Section 31

ETHANDf or TISBL The mverUh aaered^ first etttt month; thirty days; moon <lf SCFTKMinEB or OOTOBD. Day 1.— New moon. Beginning of the dvII vear. The Feast of Trumpets (Lev. xxiii, 24; Numb, xziz, 1,2). 8.— Fast for the death of G«daUah (2 Kings zzv, 25 ; Jer. xll, 2). The same day, the abolition of written contract…

1,032 words SECTION 32

Section 32

1< me think this feast of the dedication was Instttnted In memory of Judith. (See Slgon. De RepubL Bdr. lib. ill, cap. la) But it is doubted whether thb oagbt to be understood of Judith, daughter of Meraii, who killed H(dofemee, or of another Judith, daughter of Mattathias, and sister of Judas Maccabseua, who slev Mlca…

929 words SECTION 33

Section 33

9$.— A feast in commemoration of the repeal of the decree by which the kings of Oreeee had forbidden the Jews to drenmcise their children, to observe the Sabbath, and 10 decline feraign worship {MegOX, TaaanHht et (Jemar. Tamith, a 9),— Calmet, AppmSi, YE-ADAR. IirmoALABT Moim. 1^%M (JU ynr eoneii^e o/ fMrtcen IiiiM…

941 words SECTION 34

Section 34

ProduetionM.— The time of harvest depends upon the dura- tion of the rainy season. After the rains cease, the com soon arrives at maturity, according to the situation. Wheat, sea or spelt, and barley, now ripen (Korte*s Reiee^ p. 187; Itiner, Hiernsolym. p. 98). The spring fig is still hard (Shaw, p. 290). The almond a…

933 words SECTION 35

Section 35

iVoducf/owA— Grapea are now ripe about Aleppo, but re- main till November or December (Korte, p. 671). Dates are to be found ripe at Jericho, but they seldom come to maturity at Jerusalem (Shaw, p. 297). Apple and pear trees present ripe fruit, but of an inferior kind. The nectarine jields a fruit most agreeable in fla…

912 words SECTION 36

Section 36

CALENDAR, Romah. For this in its most com. plete and final form, the world is indebted to Julius Cesar, who, during his ofiSoe as Pontifex Maximus, un- dertook the memorable task known as the "reform of the calendar.** The Roman year had hitherto con- sisted of 856 days, with a month of thirty days inter- calated every…

948 words SECTION 37

Section 37

Calendar of the Frmdi RepubUe. — ^By a decree of the National Convention, on Nov. 24, 1798, It was ordained that a new era should date from the beginning of the Republic, Sept. 22, 1792; the midnight preceding which, being the autumnal equinox, was fixed upon as the epoch, from which the years were to be reckoned as Te…

1,089 words SECTION 38

Section 38

These are omitted in the calendar of the Protes- tant Episcopal Church, which retains only the scrip- tural festivals. Wheatly assigns the following rea- sons for their retention by the English Church : '* Some of them being retained upon account of our courts of justice, which usually make their returns on these days…

952 words SECTION 39

Section 39

Calf-Worship.— This appears to have originated in Egypt, where we know that brutes of nearly all sorts were lield in reverence by some one or another of the various nomes into which that country was di- vided. See Animal Worship. Of all these crea- tures, however, the calf^ or rather bullock, seems to have been most ge…

966 words SECTION 40

Section 40

CALF 2S CALF or with nferenoe to an Egyptian cnstom (Herod, ii, 41; Poll Sjfnapsisj in loc). It has always been a difficulty to explain the process which he used; some account for it by his supposed knowledge of a forgot- ten art (such as was one of the boasts of alchemy) by which he could ^reduce gold to dust. Gogu…

1,195 words SECTION 41

Section 41

a. Some regwd the golden calf both of Aaron and Jeroboam as intended by the Jews for an Egyptian god. The ailments for this view are, 1. The rea^y apostasy of the Jews to Egyptian superstition (Acts vii, 89, and chap, v, pasfdm; Lactant. Ind, iv, 10). 2. The ftict that they had been worshippers of Apis (Josh, xxiv, 14)…

945 words SECTION 42

Section 42

Coin of CaUguU, with his Head and that of Angostus (the Utter crownedX Cal^itas (KoXcrac and KaXcrac), given as the name of one of the Levites who had taken foreign wives after the restoration from Babylon (1 Esdr. ix, 23, where he is also called Colius), and who assisted in expounding the law to the people (ver. 48);…

1,150 words SECTION 43

Section 43

of the latter science, seems to have prodnoed at ^ time no effect but that of extinguishing even the seoM of the necessity of presenting it in a form SnibeBtisl upon the Christian life." The very titles of his writ- ings and those of his opponents would fill pages. Hii liberal views were styled Crypto-Papism, Philippis…

935 words SECTION 44

Section 44

(II.) Two questions arise as to^e divine cdB to men, (1.) Why do not all who receive it embrace it ? and (2) Why have not all mankind even yet had the mvitation ? In view of these questions, the old Lu- theran divines speak of the vocaiio ordinaria directa (the ordmary direct call) as being, 1. Seria, i. e. really mean…

1,159 words SECTION 45

Section 45

'^2. To this it is replied that this whole statement respeiiting a believer's calling is without any support from the Scriptures. * To call' signifles to invite to the blessings of the Gospel, to offer salvation through Christ, either by God himself, or, under his appoint- inent, by his servants ; and in the parable of…

1,023 words SECTION 46

Section 46

"4. These* views will abundantly explain tb« va- rious passages in whidi the term caUmg occnis in the epistles: 'Even us whom he hath ecJied, not of the Jews only, but also of the GentQes' (Rom. ix, 24); that is, whom he hath made members of his Cburdi through fkith. ' But unto them which are caUed, boUi Jews and Greek…

930 words SECTION 47

Section 47

IT. HmsTEBiAij Call is an invitation on the part of a congregation to a preacher to become their settled pastor. See Installation. Callenbere;, JoHANN Hbinbioh, was bom Jan- aaiy 12, 1694, in Saxe-Gotha. He studied at Halle, giving special attention to the Oriental languages, to which he was originally led by becoming…

1,028 words SECTION 48

Section 48

CALLISTHENES 84 CALNEH of the same name in the valley of Callirriiofi, in which we think he most be wrong, since there ia not apace for a town in the vallej as fkr as we saV it. That Herod most have had some lodging when he yisited these springs is tme, and there are sofficient remains to prove that some sort of bui…

1,026 words SECTION 49

Section 49

Cal'neh (Heb. Kalneh\ txA^; Sept XaKamJ, the fourth of Nimrod's cities (Gen. x, 10), and prob- ably not different fhmi the Calno (Heb. K(^\ •isbs ; Sept XaXdpri) of Isa. x, 9, or the Casseh (Heb. Kaimeh^ nSS ; Sept Xavdd) of Ezek. zzrii, 28. The word is thought to mean "the fort of the god Ana or i4fiu," who was one of…

929 words SECTION 50

Section 50

CaloyexB or Calogdrl The word Cahgen is from the Greek (mXiSycioot), and means good old men. The name CaHogert is of similar signification, and is generally given to the monks of the Greek Church. Tbey are of the order of St Basil, and consider it to be a lin to follow any other order than his. They are di- vided into …

1,314 words SECTION 51

Section 51

2. Scr^ttural NoUees of the Locality, — ^The account in the evangelists touching the place of the crucifixion and burial of our Lord is as follows : Having been de- livered by Pilate to be crucified^ Jesus was led away, followed by a great company of people and women, who bewailed his fate. On the way the soldiers met …

1,029 words SECTION 52

Section 52

CALVARY 87 CALVARY that oi EuaelAuB. Jerome took np his lesidenoe in tlie Holy Land in the latter port of the foorth centory, and remained there till his death. (For an estimate of the Talne of these geograplhical aathorities, see Re- land, Pakegt. p. 467 sq.) Pilgrims now streamed to Jenisalem from all parts of the…

1,030 words SECTION 53

Section 53

Jerusalem, in the days of Christ, had two walls, termed the ** first" and the '' second." It is with the second wall that we are here chiefly concerned. It be- gan at a tower, named Gennatli, of the first wall, curved outward to the north, and ended at the castle of Antonia. The third wall embraced a wide suburb on the…

930 words SECTION 54

Section 54

OOTHA. CALVARY, THE, a name given in Roman Catho- lic countries to "a representation of the various scenes of the passion and cracifixion of our Lord, either in a chapel, or external to the church, as at St Jacques, at Antwerp. It consists of three crosses with the figiues of Christ and the thieves, usually as large a…

998 words SECTION 55

Section 55

France, but soon left it agahi, and in the month of August, 1586, arrived at Geneva, where the Reformed religion had been the same year publicly established. There, at the request of Faiel, Yfaret, and other emi- nent Reformers, by whom that revolution had been achieved, he became a preacher of the Gospel, and pro- fes…

694 words SECTION 56

Section 56

should, in tiie dfcnmsUiices in which he was now placed, show marks of intoleranoe towaid others, is not surprising; and to seek a palliation ofhb guilt, we need not go back to the time when he belonged to the Church of Borne, nor yet to tfie notions of dyil and re- ligions liberty prevalent in his age. We have only to…

1,021 words SECTION 57

Section 57

As an expositor of the Scriptares and as a writer of systematio theology Calvin has had fow rivals in the Christian Church. His Latin style is better than that of any Christian writer since Tertullian. Even the Boman Catholic Audin says, " Never does the proper word ftdl him; he calls ft, and it comes." In brevity, cle…

1,119 words SECTION 58

Section 58

the oigan by which communion is attained is fiuth ; he is presented to all, but received only by belidvers. The mere symbolical view depreciates the sign too much, and separates it fh>m the sacrament ; but by the other view the sign is exalted too much, and there- by the nature of the mystory itself is obscured.'' (8) …

965 words SECTION 59

Section 59

III. LUerature.—The best edition of the Latin works of Calvin is that of Amsterdam (1671, 9 vols. fol.). A new edition is now going on in the Corpus HeformcUO' rttm, under the title Calvim Opera qua superswU omnia (vols, i-v, Brunswick, 1864, 1867). An excellent and very cheap edition of the Com$netUaru in N. 7*., edit…

1,202 words SECTION 60

Section 60

CALVINISM 48 CALVINISM of Bfe is dosed bj a Just and ineprehensible, but m- emfinkamhU Judgment. In the elect, we consider cilliiig as an evidence of election ; and Justification as tnodier token of its manifestation, till they arrive in ^017, which constitntesits completion. As God Mak his efoct by vocation and Jos…

1,068 words

Source & rights

Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.

Project Gutenberg source record →

Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.