CalvinistB, (1.) a name formerly used on the Con- tinent of Europe to designate all members of the m-
CALVKIUS
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etOed Be/brwted churches, as distixignished ttom the iMtkeran Church. It is still so used to a certain ex- tent, especially in France and Austria.
(2.) It is now generally in nse to designate those who receive the theological tenets of Calvin, without regard to Chnrch or sect. See Calvin ; Caltinum. In the early part of the 16th century the Heformed churches of Switrerland, Hungary, France, Germany, and Holland were all Calvinistic in this sense ; now the proportion of Calvinists in some of them is smalL The Presbyterian churches of Engird, Scotland, Ire- laud, and America are, with few exceptions, Calvinis- tic. So also are many of the Independent and Con- gregational churches, both in England and America. In Sie Church of England, and the Protestant Episco- pal Church of the United States, Calvinism prevails to a certain extent, but statistics are wanting. Bishop Burgess remarks that "although the Church of Eng^ land had been represented at the Synod of Dort, its clergy acquiesced not at all in the determination of that assembly, and the bishops who were there were smoDg the last of their order who have Irritten up<m the side which was there triumphant. The Calvinism of the Church grew fidnter till it scarcely struggled. It was not so mnch' overcome by direct assaults as supplanted through the more ecclesiastical spirit which predominated at the Restoration. For a century after, its voice was almost unheard, except along with the inegalarities of Whitefield, and tl^ it was mnch more than overbalanced by the Arminianism of Wes- ley. Within the last century it has been revived in the writings of many pious men, but can scarcely be viewed as having very largely affected the prevalent teai*MiTg of Episcopalians, either in Great Britain or in America" (Btft&CAeca /Sacra, 1868, p. 868). TheDutoh Befonned Church, the larger part of the Baptists and of the Welsh Methodists, are also Calvinists.
CalTisins, Sbth, or Kalwltz, a celebrated chro- nolqgfet, was bom at Gorschleben, Thuringia, Feb. 20, 1656. He studied at Frankenhausen and Magdeburg, "wbett he gained his bread by singing in the streets, and laid by enough to support hfan at the Academy of Helmstidt, whither he went in 1679, and thence to Leipsic. He gained a profound knowledge of music, chronology, astronomy, and Hebrew. He died at L^pac Kov. 23^ 1615, leaving, besides other works, EiMdatio duetrum quastiotmm circa annum Natmtatit a frnpa Minulern Chritti (Erfbrdt, 1610, 4to); also, Elend^ CakndarU Gregoriam (Heidelberg, 1612). But his principal work is entitled Opus Chronoiogicumj "ex anctoritate potissimum Sanct. Scriptune et historico- nun fide dignissimorum, ad motum luminarinm coeles- tiom tempora et annos distinguentium*' (Frankfort, folio, 1604 and 1684). In this work he endeavored to supply the defects and correct the errors of Scaliger nd other chronologists, by having recourse to astro- nondeal calculations, in order to fix the precise time of difbent events. For this purpose he calculated more than one hundred and fifty eclipses. John Kep- ler, David Parens, and others warmly attacked his work on its appearance, but Scaliger spoke of it in the higlKst terms, declaring it, in a letter to Isaac Casau- Iwn, to be oceurqr&nvnKm ckrcmcon, Calvisius's works are inserted in the Boman Index.— Hoefer, Bioff. Geni- mfe, Tiii, 278 ; Landon, EccUa. Dictionary^ ii, 506.
Camaldules (/JamalduUmiy CamakhtUntes, Ordo Comnldvlamu), a religious order founded about 1009 by Bomoaldns, who built a monastery at Campo Maldoli, or CamaldoH, a village thirty miles east of Florence, and belonghig to a tord named Maldoli, whence the Older, some time after the death of Romualdus, took its name. Up to the end of the eleventh century they bore the name of their founder, and were called Bomu^ aldmes. The monks observe the rule of St Benedict, with tome alterations and additions, and combine the <»Bol]|ic and eremitical life. At first they wore a
black dress ; but Romualdus, having seen a vision of his monks mounting a ladder toward heaven, and all clothed in white, changed their habit from black to white. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the order was divided into five congregations, nnder so many generals or "majors," with about 2000 mem- bers. The life of these h^mits was originally very severe ; but, lilce most other orders, as it grew rich, it became corrupt They were re-formed in 1431 by En- gene lY, and again in 1518. A new order, with a stricter rule, was formed by Oustiniani in 1620, and since that time both divisions exist independentiy. They appear never to have had an establishment in England. In France there was but one convent of Camaldules or Camaldoli, viz., at Grosbois, near Par- is. They were of the congregation of " Our Lady of Consolation." The Camaldule coenobites, to whom Pope Gregory XVI belonged, have their principal con- vent at Kome, and a few more houses in Italy, with about one hundred members. The hermits are a littie more numerous, counting upward of two hundred members, with two majors at Camaldoli and Monte Corona, near Perugia. Their convents are likewise all in Italy, with the exception of one in Poland. There was also a congregation of Camaldule nuns, founded by the fourth general of Camaldules, Rudol- phus, in 1086, at Mucellano, in Tuscany. They had in the seventeenth century twenty-four convents, of which, in 1860, only two were l^ft, at Rome and at Florence.— Fehr, Geteh, der MSnchsordm, i, 68 sq. ; Helyot, Ord, BeHg. i, 577 ; Landon, Ecd, Diet, ii, 506.