See Kitto, PicL HiH, of ike Jewt, i, 886 sq.; also Daihf Bible lUustr, ii, 286 sq.; Bp. Sherlock, Worka, ▼; Drew, Seripi, Studies^ p. 122 sq. ; Paley, SermoiUf p. 429; Mill, Smimm (1846), p. U7; Simeon, Warkt, ii,
CANAANTTE
67
CANDACE
m; Seott, The Eaetirpaiion of the CanamnUeB (Ser^ MOM, 1, 298 sq.); Pitman, Dettrmdion of the Canaan^ Urn {Bailer 8enn, i, 481 sq.); Bp. Mants. £^r<eniMfia- titm tfthe Omaamka {Sermons^ iii, 185 scf.); Benjoin, rmiicationy etc (LondL 1797); Stiebrite, De justUia beK adv, CamamUu (HaL 1769); Robert, Ccaua heSH Iiradiliei adv. Cantmao$ (ICarb. 1778); Nonne, De jtMa armorum IsraeHianm ado, Canautot (Brem. 1755) ; Schnbeft, Dejwtiiia bdU m CammcBOi (Greifrw. 1767) 1 Hengvtenbeig, Autkemtidtsf qf ike PerUateuck, ii,887 8q.
CANAAKITE, or rather Canahitb (Received Text [with tiie Codex Suudticiis], 6 Kavoi'injc ; Co- dex A, ILavavtlrric ; Lachm. with B C, 6 KavavaXoc ; D, Xavavaioc ; Vulg. Chamaneus), the deeignation of the apoetle Sofoir, otherwise known as ** Simon Z^ lotet." It occnra in Matt x, 4; Mark iii, 18. This word does not signify a descendant of Canaan, that bong hi the Greek both of the Sept. and the N. T. lavayaioi = *^3?33 (comp. Matt XT, 22 with Mark Tii, 26). Nor does it signify, as has been suggested, a nadre of Kana, since that wonld probably be Ka- vithq. But it comes from tlie Heb. K|p, k<mm/, tuhm, or rather from the Chaldee 1^3^, Kaimm\ or STnac XoMnydb, by which the Jewish sect or fhc- tion of the Zealots*'— so prominent in the last days of Jerusalem — was designated (see Boztor^ list, Talm, coL 2060). This Syriac word is the rea<Ung of the Peshito version. The Greek equivalent is Zi^ XmTKj Zeloies, and this Luke ( vi, 15 ; Acts i, 13) has correctly preserved. Matthew and Mark, on the oth- er han^ have literally transferred the Syriac word, as the ^pt did frequently before them. There is no necessity to suppose, as Mr. Cureton does (NUrian Bee. Ixxxvii), thst they mistook the word for Kena*- (mgek =■ XayavatoCt % Canaanite or descendant of Cuiaan. The Evangelists could hardly commit such in error, whatever subsequent transcribers of their iroiks may have done. But that this meaning was afterward attached to the word is plain from the read- ings of the Codex Bezn (D) and the Yulgate above. The spelling of the A. Y. has doubtless led many to the same conclusion ; and it would be well if it were altered to "Kananite," or some other form (as was done in the late revision by the Am. Bib. Society, whose *' standard*' text had " Cananite") distinguish- ed from the well-known one in which it now stands. — Smith, Diet, s. v. See Zelotbs.
Canoellarii (Chancellobs, lat), one of the in- ferior classes of servants of the ancient Church and deigy. *The precise nature of their duties is doubtfiil. Bm^ism supposes them to have had some such office in the Churdi as those of the same name in the state, sod that they acted as guards of the judge's consistory. Others suppose them to have been identical with the ts»dici or defeneores, whose duty it was to watch over the rights of the Church, to act as superintendents of the oopidte, and to see that all clerks attended the cele- hn&m of morning and evening service in the Church.'' — Bmgham, Oriff. Ecck$, bk. iii, ch. zi, § 6 ; Farrar, Bed, DicL s. v.
CwnOftlll, a lattice or balustrade ; the rail sepaxa*- tmg the altar from the nave, in aadent drarches, was nllrd tmmjUL See Chancel.
CanoeUoB, a word occasionally used in the mean- ing of pulpU, As the size of chnrdMs increased, preaefaing in the dumoel became very difficult, and it (rften happened that the officiating bishop or presby- ter was inaudible on account of his great distance tnm the people. Hence a custom was introduced of plac- ing a nggatmn, or pnlpit, from which the preacher de- hvwsd tihe sermon, in front of the partition which di- vided the diancel tnm. the nave. It was therefora called, in conseqoenoe of its position, canetUm, — ^Far- nt,EoeLDwLB,Y.
Oan'daoA (KavdSai : Hiller compares the Ethio- pic '^Sp, he rtdedf and p*7, a dave, as the Ethiopian kings are still in Oriental phrase styled ** prince of servants*' [Shnonis, Onom, N, T, p. 88] ; but the name itself is written '^S^sn, cAondbU, in Ethioplc ; oomp. Ludolf, Hist, JBth. iii, 2, 7), was the name of that queen of the Ethiopians (17 paoiKtooa Al9i6irwv) whose high treasurer (e^ovxoc* "eunuch," t e. chamberlain) was converted to Christianity under the preaching of Philip the Evangelist (Acts viii, ^ A.D. 80. The country over which she ruled was not, as some writen allege, what is known to us as Abys- sinia ; it was that region in Upper Nubia which was called by the Greeks MenH, and is supposed to corre- spond to the present province of Atban, lying between 18^ and 18° north latitude. From the circumstance of its being nearly enclosed by the Atbara (Astaboras or Tacasze) on the right, and the Bahr el-Abiad, or White River, and the l^e on the left, it was some- times designated the "island" of Merod; but the an- cient kingdom appean to have extended at one period to the north of the island as fiar as Mount Berkal. The city of Merod stood near the present Assour, about twenty miles north of Shendy ; and the exten- sive and magnificent ruins found not only then, but along the upper valley of the Nile, attest the art and civilization of the ancient Ethiopians. These ruins, seen only at a distance by Bruce and Burckhardt, have since been minutely examined and accurately described by CaiUiaud {Voyage h Mer6i\ Bflppel (22e»- $en in J^vbien^ etc.), and other travellers. MeroS, fVom being long the centre of commercial intercourse be- tween Africa and the south of Asia, became one of the richest countries upon earth ; the " merchandise" and wealth of Ethiopia (Isa. xlv, 14) was the theme of the poets both of Palestine and Greece ; and, since much of that affluence would find its way into the royal cof- fers, the circumstance gives emphasis to the phrase irdaijg rijc yaZvCi **oU the treasure" of Queen Can- dace. It is ftirther interesting to know, from the tes- timonies of various authora (comp. the "Queen of Sheba," who visited Solomon, and see Josephns, Ata, viii, 6, 6), that for some tii^ both before and after the Christian era, Ethiopia Proper was under the mle of female sovereigns, who all bore the appellation of " Candace," which was not so much a proper name as a distinctive titie, common to every successive queen, Uke "Pharaoh" and "Ptolemy" to the kings of Egypt, and " CsMar" to the emperora of Rome. Thus Pliny (HuL Nat. vi, 29) says that the centurions whom Nero sent to explore the country reported **that a woman reigned over Merod called Candace, a name which had descended to the queens for many years." Strabo also (p. 820, ed. Casaub.) speaks of a warrior-queen of Ethiopia called Candace, in the reign of Augustus, the same whom Dion Cassius (liv, 5) de- scribes as queen of the " Ethiopians living above {virip) Egypt." In B.C. 22 she had invaded Egypt, and soon afterward insulted the Romans on the Etiiiopian fron- tier of Egypt. Cains Petronius, the governor of the latter province, marched against the Etiriopians, and, having defeated them is the field, took Pselca, and then crossing the sands which had long befbre proved fatal to Cambyses, advanced to Premnis, a strong po- sition. He next attacked Napata, the capital of Queen Candace, took and destroyed it; but then retired to Premnis, where he left a garrison, whom the warlike queen assailed, but they were relieved by Petronius. She was still later treated favorably by Augustus. She is said to have lost one eye (see Smith's Diet, of CUm. Bieg. s. v.). This Napata, by I>ioi#called Te- nape, is supposed to have stood near Mount Berkal, and to have been a kind of second MeroS ; and there is still in that neighborhood (where there are likewise many splendid ruins) a village which bears the very simflar name of Merawi. Eusebina, who flourished in