CHARLES IX
222
CHARNOCK
Ctefore eommeiUarii (Fnmkf. 1785, 8 vols. 6yo) ; Ranke, History of the Reformation; Preflcot£, HUtary of Philip II; Ranke, History of the Papacy (2 voU. 8vo, 1851) ; Motley, The Hise of the Dutch BqmbUc (8 vols. 8vo, N. T. 1857) ; Sismond^ Histoire des Frangait, 18 vols. 8to (BraxeUes, 1849 ; see index in 18th vol.) ; Robertaon, History of the Reign of •Charles V; Lanz, Correspondens des Kaisers Karl V (Leips. 1844-46, 8 yoU.) ; Kervjn de Lettenhove, Aufaaiohnungen des Kaisers Karl V (German trand. Leipz. 1862) ; Gachaid, Correspond, de Charles QmiU (Bnuseb, 1859). Special works on the life of Charles Y after his abdication and retirement have been written by Stirling {Cloister Life of the Em- peror Charles the Fifth, N. Y. 12mo), Gachard (^Retrait et Mori dtCKV (Brossels, 1854r-55), Pichot {CkroMque de Charles V, Paris, 1854), and Migne {Charles Qidnty Fbris, 1854).
Charles IX » second son of Henry II and of Cath- arine de Medici, was bom at St. Germain-en-Laye Jane 27, 1550, and on December 5, 1560, succeeded his brother, Francis II. *' His character was a compound of passion, acnteness, heartlessness, and cunnin;;. Al- thoogh only twenty-four years of age when he died, so well had his detestable mother trained him to a love of perfidy and cruelty, that he found time, with her assist- ance and that of the Guises, to perpetrate an act so hid- eously diabolical that all civilized Europe still shud- ders at the recollection. The massacre of St. Barthol- omew's (q. v.), Aug. 24, 1572, was the culmination of a series of treacheries toward the Huguenots which disgraced his reign. The result was that dvil war broke out anew, and assumed a very threatening char- acter, as political malcontents associated themselves with the Protestants. Charles died May 80, 1574."— Chambers, EncycloptediOy s. v. ; and a good article, with an account of the massacre of St. B., in the English CydcpcBdia, s. v. Charles IX. See France, Refobmbd Church of.
duurleton, Walter, M.D., an English physi- cian, was bom Feb. 2, 1619, was educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, became an eminent practitioner in Lon- don, president of the College of Physicians in 1689, and died in 1707. He is mentioned here on account of his Darkness of Atheism dispelled by the Light of Na- ture (Lond. 1652, 4to) ; and Harmony of Natural and Poskioe Divine Laws (Lond. 1680, 8vo).— Darling, Cy- clopoBdia BibUographica, i, 637 ; Kippis, Biqgraphia ^ritannicaj iH, 448 sq.
Charm (tt3nb, lachath\ to whisper, as enchanters). In Psa. Iviii, 5 ; Jer.' viii, 17 ; Ecdes. x, 11 (^* enchant- ment'O, this word is used to express serpefU-charming, In the first of these passages it occurs in connection with ^'yn (cks'her, strictly a cot^ederacy, L e. with spirits of the other world), which is rendered in the same manner, and has a similar meaning. In other passages, although still rendered ** charm," both words, as is the case also with other terms, signify or- dinary necromancy or conjuration. That the most venomous reptiles might be rendered tame and harm- less by certain charms, or soft and sweet sounds, and trained to delist in music, was an opinion which pre- vailed very early and universally (see Bochart, Hieroz, I, iii, cap. 6). Virgil speaks of it particularly (v£!n. vii, 750); so also Lncan {PharsaUd). See Serpent. The most £unous serpent-charmers of antiquity were the Psylli, a people of Cyrenaica ; and that theirs was believed to b« a natural power appears from the story told by Pliny, that they were accustomed to try the legitimacy of their new-bom children by exposing Uiem to the most cruel and venomous serpents, which dared not molest or even approach them unless they were illegitimate. He thinks their power resided in some peculiar odor in their persons which the serpents abhorred {Nat. Hist, lib. vH, c. 2). Shaw, Brace, and indeed all travellers who have been in the Levant, speak of the charming of serpents as a thing frequent-
ly seen (see especially Thomson, Land &nd Boat, % 216, 288). The much-dreaded Cobra di CapeOo, or good Serpent of the Hindoos, is capable of being tamed; and the Malabar Jugglen have the ait of teachiBg them to dance to the inharmonious and slow notM of their fiageolet. The serpent first seems astonished, then begfais to rear himself, and sometimes, by a gen- tle undulatory motion of the head, and wi^ distended hood, seems to listen with pleasure to the aotae. These dancing snakes are carried about in baskets by ^« jugglers al\ over India, and Mr. Forbes statee it as a well-attested &ct that when a bouse is infissted with these snakes, and some others of the OoUher gams, which destroy poultry, or with some even of the larger serpents of tiie boa tribe, the musldans are sent for, wfa^ charm the reptiles from their hiding-pkioes to their own destruction {Oriental Memoirs'), It is often said that the charmer introduces his tame serpents, and that they obey the accustomed call, and are ex- hibited in proof of the triumph of the charmer^ art. This may sometimes be the case, but instances are known in which there could not have been any o^la- sion or contrivance ; and, after the serarest test and scrutiny, many have been obliged to rest in the con- clusion that the charmers do really possess the physi- cal means of discovering the presence of serpents with- out seeing them, and of attracting them trmrn their lurking-places. This is Mr. Lane's condoskm, who also suspects that they discover the presence of stf- pents by the smelly and compares their attractive pow- ers to those of the fowler, who, by the fiMcination of his voice, allures the bird into his net {Modem Egyp- tians). The deaf-adder or asp may dtber be a ser- pent of a species naturally deaf {tot such kinds arc mentioned by Avicenna as quoted by Bochart), or on account of its appearing to be so. In eitiwr caae, in the language of poetry, it may be said to stop its ear, fhmi its being proof against all the efforU of the charmer {Un. Presb. QuarL Review, July, I860). See Divination; Maoigian.