(4.) Other peculiarities distinguishing the book of Chronicles, and fitting it for the altered circumstances in the time of its composition, are the subFtitution of modem and more common expressions for such as had become unusual or obsolete (comp. in the original 1 Chron. x, 12,, with 1 Sam. xxxi, 12 ; 1 Chron. xv, 29, with 2 Sam. vi, 16, etc.), particularly the substitution for the old names of places, those which were in use in the writer's own day ; thus, Gezer (1 Chron. xx, 4), instead of Gob (2 Sam. xxi, 18) ; Abel Maim, Abel on the water [Merom] (2 Chron. xvi, 4), instead of Abel- betb-Maachah (1 Kings xv, 20). So also the omission of geographical names which had become unknown, or bad ceased to be of interest, as Helam (2 Sam. x, 16, 17), omitted in 1 Chron. xiX, 17 ; so also Zair (2 Kings viii, 21; comp. with 2 Chron. xxi, 9). See particular- ly 2 Sam. xxiv, 4-8, compared with 1 Chron. xxi, 4. There Is also the endeavor to substitute more definite expressions for such as were indefinite, and so pos- sibly ambiguous (as 2 Chron. xxxviii, 8; cpmp. with
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2 Kings zri, 8; 2 Chron. zxiv, 24, with 2 Kings xzii, 16).
Other lists occur in Chron., which are given with considerable extensfon or in a different connection in the earlier boolA, e. g. tlie ancestors of David, 1 Chron. ii, 10-12; comp. Ruth iv, 19-22. Still other lists are peculiar to the Chronicles, as ii, 18-58 ; iii, 16-24 ; iv, 2-28, 84-48; v, 1-26, 88-86; vi, 1-84! These latter genealogies are obviously transcribed from some regis- ter, in which were preserved the genealogies of the tribes and fiimilies drawn up at different times. This appears from tlie very different ages at which differ- ent genealogies terminate, indicating of course the particular reign when each was drawn up. Thus, e. ' g. the line of the high-priesA (1 Chron. vi, 1-16) must have been drawn up during the Captivity; tiiat in 60-68, in the time of David or Solomon ; those of Heman and Asaph, in the same chapter, in the time of David ; that of the sons of Zerubbabel (1 Chron. iii, 19-24) as late at least as the close of the canon, and so on.
The same wide divergence in the age of other ma- terials embodied in the books of Chronicles is also ap- parent Thus the information in 1 Chron. i, concern- ing the kings of Edom before the reign of Saul, was obviously compiled from very ancient sources. The same may be said of the incident of the slaughter of the sons of Epbraim by the Gittites, 1 Chron. vii, 21 ; viii, 18; and of the account of the sons of Shela, and their dominion in Moeb, 1 Chron. iv, 21, 22. The mil- itary census of the tribes of Issachar, Benjamin, and Asher, in 1 Chron. vii, evidently formed part of the re- turns made to David (2 Sam. zxiv, 9). The curious details concerning the Seubenites and Oadites in 1 Chron. v, must have been drawn frY>m contemporary documents, embodied probably in the genealogicid rec- ^ords of Jotbam and Jeroboam, while other records used by the oompOer are as late as after the return fh>m Babylon, such as 1 Chron. ix, 2 sq. ; 2 Chron. xxxvi, 20 sq. ; and others, as Ezra ii and iv, 6-28, are as late as the time of Artaxerxes and Nehemiah. Henc^ it is further manifest that the boolcs of Chronicles and Ezra, though put into their present form by one hand, contain, in &ct, extracts Arom the writings of many dif- ferent writers, which vaert extant at the time the oom- pilaiion vxu made. For the full account of the reign of David, he made copious extracts from the books of Samuel the* seer, Nathan the prophet, and Gad the seer (1 Chron. xxix, 29). For the reign of iSolomon he copied from **the book of Nathan," from "the prophecy of Ahijah the Shilonite," and flrom ** the vis- ions of Iddo the seer** (2 Chron. ix, 29). Another work of Iddo supplied an account of the acts, and the ways, and sayings of king Abijah (xiii, 22) ; while yet another book of Iddo concerning genealogies, Hffith the book of the prophet Shemaiah, contained the acts of king Behoboam (xii, 16). For later times the * * Book of the kings of Israel and Jndah" is repeatedly cited (2 Chron. xxv, 26; xxvii, 7; xxxii, 82; xxxiii, 18, etc.), and " the sayings of the seers," or perhaps of Ho- zai (xxxiii, 19); and for the reigns of Uzzjah and Hezekiah **the vision of the prophet Isaiah" (xxvi, 22 ; xxxii, 82). In other cases, where no reference is made to any book as containing farther information, it is probable that the whole account of such reign is transcribed. Besides the above-named works, there was also the public national record, called ^ book of the Chronicles" (d'lrian 'I'nan *ifiD), mentwned in Neh. xii, 28, frY>m which donbUess the present books took their name, and from which the genealogies and other matters in them were probably derived, and which are alluded to as having existed as early as the reign of David, 1 Chron. xxvii, 24. These " Chroni- cles of David" C^l^ "?|^a^ C^JH '^^3"7) "« P">^ ably the same as those (the *T^1T "^^3?) above refer- red to, as written by Samuel, Nathan, and Gad. From