See Herzog, Beal-Enejfklop, vol. xiz (Sopplem.), s. V. Stoat und Kircke; a complete history of the rela- tion of the Christian Churoh to the state was begun by BiflU (Rom. Gath.), but not oompleted (GtfckUMidte DantdUmg der Verkdiimue twitckm Kiroke tmd Btaat, ▼oL 1, Mains, 1886, embracing the time ftx>m the foun^ dation of Christianity to Jus^iian I); Vlnet, £!Mat«iir la mamfettatiom de$ comric^om rHigiaum etiurla sipa^ nHom de Vigfm tt de Viua mmtagie comme eonaiquienot nioeamdrt et comme guammtie du prindpe (Paris, 1843; txanslated into English, Loud. 1848^ 12mo); Laurent, VBgUte tt VE^tat; Hundeshagen, Udttr emigt Haupt- mmmU m der ge$ekichtSckm EiUHfiohehmg dm Vet' hallniues switckm Stoat md Kirehe, in Dove^s ZeU- tdtriftfar Kirehetireckt, voL i (Berlin, 1861); Rosco- Y&aj ^m, Cath.), MoHumenta CatMicapro mdeprn^ dmtia tocknm ex potettate cwiU, tom. i (Quinque Ec- desiis, 1847); Bichter, GetdkichU der evcmgeL Kirehen^ fferfattungm Deuttchkmd (Leip^c, 1861) ; the manuals of Church Uw (Kirehmrech£) by Riehter, Walter, PhU- ips, and others. ImA Montague pleads for the State Church in The Four ExperimemlM in Church and 'Stale (London, 1863), maintaining that only four forms of Ohurch and Siate are possible : 1. When the Church it identical with the state, L e. when it is a national Church; 2. When the Chnrch is under the state; 8. When the Churoh overrides the state ; 4. When there is no Churoh at all. In the author's opinion, the na- tional is the only normal form of Churoh and state. In each of the other forms the Church and state are depraved. See also Dnpin, Traiti de la Pumance ee- cK«. et temporelh (Paris, 1707); Dupin's MoMui du I>roU EccUtiaetique (Paris, 4th ed. 1845 ; claiming the rights of Roman Catholic state governments over the ChnrehofRome); ZBcbBjitb^EinheitdeeStaatetndder Kirehe (1797) ; De Maistre, Du Pape (the most cele- bnited defense of ultra-papal theories) ; Ardibishop Wake, The Authority of Princes; Warburton, AlUanee (ffChMTch and State (1786) ; Hobbes, Leviathan (1608) ; Gladstone, State w Relation to Church (2 vols. 4th ed.
S CHURCH DIET
1841); Pnsey, Royal Supremacy (1847); Coleridge, Conatitutiom of Chmreh and State (1880): Chalmers, Nadonal Churdkee (1888); Yinoent, Protettantisme en France, p. 190 ; Brownson's Review (Rom. Cath.), Oct 1854; Dexter, Conffregationaliim (Boat. 1865), p. 209; D'Aubign6, Estate (N. Y. ed.), p. 289 ; Palmer, On the Churchy ii, 291 sq. ; Churdk (^England Quarterly, Jan* 1865, art. vi; Schaff; Church Hittory, ii, 90, 856; Cal- vin, Inititutee, bk. iv, ch. 20; Eng^A Review, vol. zl and fd^ (many articles); CaothoHe World, April, 1867, art i; Wardlaw, On Church EetabUehmenit (London, 1889, 8vo); Noel, On the Union of Church and Staie (N.Y.1849,12mo); Cunningham, Diecustion of Churoh Prineiplet (Edinb. 1868, 8vo).
CHURCH, ARMENIAN. See AiEeicENiAN Church.
CHURCH, ASSOCULTE. See Pebsbytbbiait (AaaooiATB) Chuboh.
CHURCH, BAPTIST. See Baptists.
CHURCH, CATHOLIC APOSTOLIC. SeeCATH- ouo Apostouo Church.
CHURCH, CONGREGATIONAL. SeeCoKOBS. oationalists.
CHURCH CONGRESS, a name given to free gath- erings of ministers and laymen of the Established Church of England, which since 1861 have annnaUy been held for the purpose of discussing important re* ligions and ecclesiastical questions. The first con- gress was convoked by a self-oonstitnted committee, which invited men of all theological parties to be pres- ent In order to maintain the neutral character of the Church Congress, no resolutions were to be passed. Although this original plan has been adhered to, the High-C&urch party has been in an unmistakable as- cendency at idl tiie congresses, and the Lew-Churoh party, on that account. In 1866, formed a design (not yet executed) of calling a separate Low-Choroh Con- gress. The congresses held fW>m 1861 to 1866 wero as follows: 1861, Canterbury; 1862, Oxford; 1868, Manchester ; 1864, Bristol ; 1865, Norwich; 1866, York. At each of these congresses the bishop of the diocese presided. The attendance in every case was large, and a number of bishops, and prominent clergymen and laymen, took part in the proceedings. A cu- rious difSculty stood in the way of the congress of 1865, which deserves mention, as it shows the ralation of the bishops of England to these meetings. When it was resolved by the congress of 1864 (at Bristol) to hold the next one at Norwich, it was understood that the sanction and co-operation of the bishop of that city had been obtained. But this proved to be a mistake ; and when the bishop was applied to by the official re- siduum of the congress, he did not consider the author- ity of the persons constituting it sufficient to entitle them to his consideration. The request from a public meeting, and a vote taken in the diocese of Norwich on the subject, was deemed no moro sufficient. Only when the chapter of Norwich (Including the honorary canons) had dedarod in favor cNf the congress, the bish- op consented to preside. See Rivington's Ecdesia^' tioal Tear-book for 1865 (London, 1866. The ** Yeaiu book*' gives, at p. 185 to 172, a full account of the Con- gress of Norwich). The ftiU |ffoceedings of each meet- ing of the congress have been published in a special roport
CHURCH, CONSTITUTION OF. See Ecclesi- astical PoLriT.
CHURCH, CUMBERLAND PRESBTTERL^. See Presbtteriak (CnKBBRLAin>) Church.
CHURCH DIET (Kirchentag), a name given to free gatherings at clergymen and laymen of the Ger- man Protestant state churches, held since 1848 for the discussion of roligious and ecclesiastical questions. The Churoh Diets wero called into existence in conse- quenoe of the rovolutionary movements of the year 1848, which appeared to tend to a separation between Churoh and State, and to endanger the influence of the evangelical Church upon society. Members of