Column (Lat. oohmma), a pillar to support a roof or other part of a building. It is more usoally i^ipBed to ancient architecture, the columns of Gotiiic boildiDgi being usually termed piBars. Still, this distinctian of terms is not universally observed. A column gener- ally has a base, shaft, and capital. The proportiaBS vary with the style oif architecture, and the sise sad purpose of the building. It was frequently merdy an architectural ornament, and was used in all enli- vated ages. Those employed by the ancient Egyp- tians, Greeks, and Persians may be taken as the bat and most classical examples of antiquity. See Pn^
1. Egyptian columns may be classed in eight orders, as in the accompanying wood-cut, where, being drawn to the same scale, their respective diinensions ara shown. For, though columns of the same order vary very much in different buildings, an average propor- tion may be assigned to them, which, indeed, is all that can be done in those of Greece, though they tb- ried less than in Egyptian architecture. In point of antiquity, the first was certainly the square pillar; then the polygonal and round fluted column of the second order ; and soon afterwards the third and £Mnth came into use. Bnt the fourth and fifth, though used long before, were not common till the 18th dynasty, and the fourth assumed a larger sise than any other, as at Karnak and Luxor. The sixth, though mostly in Ptolemaic and Roman temples, dates at least as ear- ly as the 18th dynasty ; as does the eighth, whidi is, in fiact, the square pillar, with a figure attached, and the evident original of the Caryatide of Greece ; bat the seventh is limited to the age of the Ptolemies, sad has an endless variety in the form and omamenti of its capital. It was, however, quite £g3rpdan, and ia no way indebted to Greek taste for its introductiim. Of the same kind were the columns described by Athe- n»us (v, 108), with circular capitals, set round with rose-like ornaments, or with flowers and interlaced leaves, some of whidi were made of the hmg taperiig
COLUMN
425
COMBEFIS
.40 /LBeaU,
ttth. 7th, or Compoelte. 8th, or Oiiride.
Andent Egyptian GoliimiaL
irm used in their houses, to which he also allades. here -wns also a pilaster snnnoanted by a cow's head nriUdoBon's Anc Egspdant, ii, 285, 286, abridgm.). 2. Among the Greeks, also, the grandeur of ^e tem- les, which were yery simple in form, was greatly ow- ig to the beautiful combinations of columns which iomid the interior as well as the outside. These olumns either surrounded the building entirely, or rere arranged in porticoes on one or jnore of its fronts, Dd accordLig to their number and distribution tem-
1. 2. 8w
ladeBtQieeiaa Colimins. L Dork; S. lonie; 8. Corinttiian.
pies have been classified both by ancient and modem writers on architecture. Columns were originally used simply to support the roof of the edifice ; and, amidst all the elaborations of a later age, this object was always kept in view. Hence we find the column supporting a horizontal mass technically called the entablature. Both the column and the entablature are again divided into three dbtinct parts. The for- mer consists of the base, the shaft, and the capital ; the latter of the architrave, the ft-ieze, and the cornice. The architrave is the chief beam (tirurrvXiov, ^pwfy- Uum)^ resting on the summit of the row of columns ; the frieze ((oi^opoc, tophonu) rises above the archi- trave, and is flrequenly adorned by figures in detail ; and above the frieze projects the cornice (icop<i/i/ic, oo- roRu), forming a handsome finish (Smith's Hittory of Greece, p. 144; see Mcdler, AnckiU AH [Lond. 1842], §277).
8. The Persian style of columns (see Assyria; Jachin) greatly resembled the Ionic, having a areo- lar and ornamental base, a fiate4 shaft, and a capital, consisting either of two half-formed animals (the horse-head or demi-bulls were the favorites) crosswise of the architrave, or of a complex pyramidal ornament surmounted by volutes (Fergusson's Ninevth and Per^ tqpoUt, p. 169 sq.). See Akchitbctukb.
Comander. See Komahdbb.
Ck>mb. See Honbt.
Combat. See Sinolb Combat.
Combefis, Francois, a learned Dominican monk, was bom in November, 1605, at Marmande, in the De- partment of Lot-et-6aronne, in France. He was edo- cated by the Jesuits at Bordeaux, and in 1624 entered the Dominican order. After completing his theolog- ical studies, he was appointed professor of philosophy and theology in sevend houses of his order (in 1640 at Paris). But soon he withdrew ftx)m his professorship in order to devote all his time to literary labors, and, in particular, to the study and publication of the an- cient writers of the Church. After publishing, in 1644, the works of Amphilochius, bishop of Iconium, of Methodius and Andreas of Crete (2 vols, fol., Greek and Latin, with notes), and hi 1645 the Scholia of St. Maximus on Dionysius, he attracted great attention by the publication of the Novum Avctarium GracO" LaUnaBibUotkeca Patrvm (Paris, 1648), which consists of an exegetical and a historical part. The former contains homilies and sermons of St Asterius, bishop of Amasea, of St. Proclus, of St. Anastasius of Alexan- dria, and of several other Church fathers and writers. The second part contains a history of the Monothe- lites, which was not well received in Bome, and the writing^ of several Greek writers, ecclesiastical and secular. In 1655 he published the Chronography of the Byziintine writer Theopbanes, which had been be- gun by the Dominican monk Goar, but left unfinished at his death. In order to encourage these literary labors, the French bishops, at a meeting in Paris in 1655, assigned to Combefis an annual salary of 500 livres, which in the next year was increased to 800, anil later to 1000 livres. In 1666 he published several works of Chrysostom ; in 1660 the acts of martyrs of the Greek Church (JUiutrwm CkriiH MarUprum LecH TVNtmpM, Greek and Latin). In 1662 appeared one of his greatest works, the BtbKotheca Patntm Conciona- ioria (8 vols. Paris). Among the most important of his later works are the following : AncUtrium novUd- mum BibSotheom Gracontm Patrvm (Paris, 1672, 2 vols.), containing lAber Ftavii Joeephi de imperio rcUionie in ktudem MaeoabcBorum, two books of Hippolytus, one essay of Methodius, two works against the Maniche- ans by Alexander of Lycopolis (formerly himself a Manichean), and by Didymus of Alexandria ; some e»> says of the Hesychast Palamas and his opponent Man- uel Kalakas, who, on account of his Bomanizing ten- dencies, had been expelled from the Greek Church and