Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. It contains the standard of the principles of the Rus- sian-Greek Church. For the originals, see Libri Sym- boUci eodesim OrientaBs, ed. E. J. Kimmel (Jena, 1848, 8vo) ; Neale, Hist, of the Eastern ChunA Qjoud. 1850, 2 vols.). See Greek Church.
2. The Church qfRome, though she has always re- ceived the Apostles', Nioene, and Athanasian creeds, had no fixed, public, and authoritative sjrmbol till the Council of Trent. A summary of the doctrines con- tained in the canons of tliat councQ is given in the creed published by Pius lY (1564) in the form of a bull. It is introduced by the Nicene Creed, to which it adds twelve articles, comprising those doctrines which the Church of Rome finally adopted after her controversies with the Reformers. See Creed of Pius IY. Besides this creed, and the ** Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent," the Church of Bome acknowledges no symbolical books as authoritative. See Trent, Couhgil of. The best editions are Ca- non, et Decret. Condi. Trid. (lips. 1858, 8vo); Buck- ley, Canons and Decrees of Trent (Lond. 1851, 12mo); Donovan, Catechism (fihe Cowndl of Trent (Bait 8vo). See also Streitwolf, Lib. 8ymb. Ecd. Cath. (Gdtt 1844), and the article Trent.
8. The Lu^eran books of Cdth and disdpUne are called Libri Symbotid Eccksia EvangeUcas. They con- tain the three creeds— Apostles', Nicene, and Athana- sian [see Creeds], the Augsburg Confession [see Auosburq], the "Apology" for ^at Confession by Melancthon, the Articles of Smalcald (q. v.) drawn up by Luther, the Catechisms of Luther, and in many churches the Form of Concord, or Book of Berg. See Concord. The Saxon, WOrtemburg, Suabian, Pom- eranian, Mansfeldtian, and Copenhagen Confessions agree in general with the symbolical books of the Lu- therans, but are authoritative only in the countries after which they are respectively called. There are many editions of the lAbri Bymbdid; the best and most convenient are those of Hase{dd edit. Leip. 1846, 12mo) and of Francke (edU. stereoL Leipe. 1846, 12mo). See Lutheran Church.
4. Of the Calvimstic Confessions the fellowhig are the principal : (1.) The four Helvetic Confessions— that of Basle, 1580 ; the Summary and Confession of the Helvetic churches, 1536; the Expositio Simplex^ etc., 1566, ascribed to Bollinger; and the Forinula Consensus ffelvetici, 1675. See Helvetic. (2.) The Tetrapolitan Confession, 1581, which derives Hs name firom four cities, Strasburg, Constance, Memmingen, and Lindau, by the deputies of which it was signed : it is attributed to Bucer. (8.) The Palatine or HeideU berg Catechism, framed by Ursinus and Olevianus, first published in 1568. See Heidelberg. (4.) The Confession of the Gallic churches, accepted at the first synod of the Beformed, held at Paris, 1559. See Gal- LiCAN Confession. (5.) The Confession of the Be- formed churches in Belgium, drawn up in 1659, and approved in 1561. See Beloic. (6.) The Confession of Faith of Scotland, allowed by the Estates in 1560, and subscribed by king James in 1561. (7.) The West- minster Confession. See Westminster. (8.) The Canons of the Synod of Dort. See Dort. See Cor- pus lAbrorum SymboUeorum, ed. J. C. G. Augusti (£1- berfeld, 1827, 8vo); CoUectio Confessionum m ecdes,^ reformatiSj edit. H. A. Niemeyer (Lipsisd, 1840, 8vo, the most complete and convenient manual); Bdck- el, Die Behenntmissschriften der evangeKsch-refortnirten Kirche (Leipz. 1847). The last-named work contains, besides all the Beformed Confessions of Faith (of Ger- many, Switzerland, France, Great Britain, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, and the Netherlands), brief intro- ductions and notes to each of them.
8. The Anglican Confession, or "Thfarfr^-nine Arti- cles of the Church of England," agreed on in the Con- vocation held in London, 1552. They were drawn up in Latin, but in 1571 they were revised, and subscribed
CONFESSIONAL
468
CONFIRMATrON
both in Latin and English. See Abticlbs, XXXIX ; Enolavd, Chubch op. They were adopted by the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1801, with some alter- ations, and the rejection of the Athanasian Creed. A selection from these forms the ** Articles of tlie Meth- odist Episcopal Church.*' See Abticlbs, XXY ; Methodist Episcopal.
The subject of '* Confessions of Faith" is treated in Systematic Theology under the head of SjfmboUmi, or Symbolics. The best special collections and text- books, besides those already named, are : Blarheineke, IfutttuHones tymbolica doct, Caih,^ Pirot,y Socm.^ eccUtia GrtBOCB Mmorumqw Sociei, CkrittUm, (Berlin, 1880, 8d ed. 8vo); Guericke, AUgememe chr, Symbolik (Leips. 1846, 8to) ; Winer, Comparative DaraUJkmg det. Le^- begrifi der verwchiedenm ehristUchen Kirckenpartheim (lips. 1887, 4to); Mdhler, I. A. (Romanist), Symbolism, or ExposUioH of the Doctrinal Differences betw, Catk, and Proi, (New York, 1844, 8to) ; Corpus et Syntagma Confestionum fdei (Gener. 1654, 4to) ; Hall, Harmony of Protestant Confessions (London, 1844, 8yo); Syltoge Co^fessiomtm, edit, anet, (Oxon. 1827, 8yo). Very con- venient manuals are Hahn, Das BehemUmss der evan- geUsdun Kircke, in seinem Verhdltniss eu d, rlhniscien «. griechis(^en (Lips. 1853, 12mo) ; Hoftnann, Symbolik (1856, 8vo); Heurtley, Harmoma SymboOca (Oxford, 1858, 8yo).— Winer, T%eol, Lit. xi; Hend. Buck, s. ▼. ; Pelt, TheoL Encydoptsdiey § 67; Hagenbach, TheoL En- eyeiop. § 76; Hill, DvMty, Am. ed., p. 751.
The general harmony of the Protestant Confessions has been shown in various, publications. Bossnet's Histoire des Variations des EgUses Protestantes (1688) was written to show that the Protestant churches were wide asunder in point«,of iUth ; and Basnage^s His- Unre de la Religion des Eglises Riformies (Rott. 1726, 2 vols. 4to) affOTds a thorough reftitation of Bossuet. The Assembly of Frankfort, 1577, entertained the question of a new Confession, which should be adopted by all, or nearly all, the Protestant bodies. A num- ber of divines (among whom Beza, Salvart, and Da- lean are named) accordingly drew up a Harmoma Con- fessiowum Fides Orthodoaoarum et Reformatamm Eccle- siamm, etc. (Geneva, 1581, 4to). It embodies, under heads of doctrine, the following eleven Confessions : Augsburg, the Tetrapolitana, Basle, Helvetian, Saxo- ny, WOrtemberg, Fnnce, England, Helvetica poste- rior, Belgium, and Boheinia (see Niemeyer, Prmf. ad Coll. Confess, v-ix). An English translation was im- mediately made, and publi^ed under the title. An Harmony of the Coifessions <if Faith qf Christian and Reformed Churches, etc (Camb. 1586, 12mo; London, 1648, 4to). A new edition of this very valuable work was published in 1842 by the Bev. P. HaU, with im- portant prolegomena and additions (Lond. 1842 ; again 1844, 8vo). This edhion gives also in an appendix, in English, the XXXIX Articles; the Westminster Confisssion of 1647 ; Usher's Articles adopted by the Convocation of the Episcopal Church in Ireland, 1615 ; and the Articles of the Synod of Dort