** Besides the use of the comet on the ftetival of * blowing the trumpets,' it is also sounded in Uie syna- gogue at the close of the service for the day of ataoe- ment, and, among the Jews who adopt the litoal of the Sephardimj on the seventh day of the feast of tab- ernacles, known by the post-biblical denominatioo of ' the Great Hosannah* (na^ hd^Dnn).**— Smith, s. v. SeeTBUicrBT.
Comhert or Coomhert. See CosHABms.
Comioe (6r. copcmc, a osnwf line), a hoiiaouUl moulded projection crowning the angle of a bmlfiDg or any of its parts, varying with the difieient orders and periods of architeetnre. In the eariy Gothic the cornice consiBted of a corbel-table (q. v.). Later, a deep hollow, with a simple moulding (astragal) bdov, and one or more mouldings above, and with flowcn,
CORONA
621 CORPORAL INFLICTIONS
animals, or angeU richly carved in the hollow, constip tnted the predominant feature. With the Benaisaance the classical cornice returned.
Cyma . . . .\^
Coroaa .
ICkymSoe.
botbi.
^
Corona (Lat.)t the lower member of a classical cornice. The horizontal under surface of it is called the soffit, English ecclesiastical writers often have applied the term corona to the semicircular apsis of a choir.
Coron&tl, (I.) " a name of the ancient olergy, sup- posed to have been given to them in consequence of their shaven crowns. But Bingham and others have shown that the tonsure, as used by the Romanists, did not eadst at the time of the introduction of this epithet. The custom was to cut the hair to a moderate degree simply for the sake of decent appearance, and espe- cially to avoid conformity to the existing fashion of wearing long hair. St. Jerome says that none but the priests of Isis and Serapis have ^haven crowns. The term cxmmaii might be given to the clergy out of re- spect to their office and character, which were held in great honor. It was customary, in addressing bish- ops, to use some title of respect, such as^Mr conmam^ and per coronam ffesiram; and the allusion may be to the coronoj or mitre, which the bishops wore as a part of their priestly dress ; or it may be considered as a metaphorical expression, denoting the honor and dig- nity of the episcopal order*' (Farrar, s. v.). — ^Bingham, Otiff. Ecd, vi, iv, 17.
(II.) A title traditionally given to four martyrs — Severus, Severianus, Carpophorus, and Yictorinus— so named because, it is said, they were killed, in 304, by having crowns with sharp nails pressed into their heads. A church erected at Bome in their honor is mentioned by pope Gregory I, and still exists. They are commemorated in the Church of Rome on Nov. 8 ; the Acts of their martyrdom are spurious. See Wet- zer u. Welte, Kirch,'Lex. ii, 880.
Corporal (corporakf sc. vtkan), the linen cloth Trhich is spread over the symbols after communion. It is so called from being originally intended to rep- resent Ae sheet in which our Lord's body (corpus) was wrapped after death. It is of linen with reference to Luke xxiii, 68. Originally it was so large as to cover the host and the wine, hence the name/)a£b {iiXtjrov) ; but in the Middle Ages it received its present smaller size. It was retained by the English Reformers. — Herzog, Real-Encifh. iii, 158 ; Wetzer u. Welte, Kirch.- I«.ii,881. ,
CORPORAL INFLICTIONS. 1. In all ages, among the Israelites, beating was the commonest form of bodily chastisement known in civil ofiences (Dent XXV, 2), e. g. in cases of a team of difiterent sorts of beasts (i. e. the driver as well as the person sitting in the wagon), forty blows were inflicted (Mishna, ChU, 'viii, 3). See Bastinado. The delinquent probably
Modern Egyptian BaaUnada
received the strokes flrom a stick (comp. Prov. x, 18 ; a rod of "scorpions" is named in 1 Kings xii, 11, 14; 2 Chron. xi, 14, either a thorny, knotty staff [comp. Scorpio in Isidor. Origg, v, 27, 18 ; thongs of oxhide are mentioned in Lev. xix, 20, as T\ypji ; but see Gese- nius, Thes, p. 284], or one set with pointed projections [Gesen. This. p. 1062], probably an unusual severity), in a prostrate attitude (not on the soles of the feet, as in the modem East, Arvieux, iii, 198), and in the pres- ence of the judge (comp. Wilkinson, ii, 41; Rosellini, ii, 3, p. 274) ; but not over forty stripes (Dent, xxv, 2). The later Jewish infliction (see the Mishna, Mac- cotK) was executed by means of a twisted leather thong (whip), and the blows, not exceeding thirty- nine in number (Maccoik, iii, 10 ; compare Josephus, Ant, iv, 8, 21 ; 2 Cor. xi, 24), were dealt by the officer of justice (l^in) upon the culprit, who stood bent for- ward {McKCoih, iii, 12). The cases in which this pun- ishment was applied were sometimes such as were deemed a capital offence by the Mosaic law {Maccotk, iii, esp, 15). That scourging was also in vogue in the synagogue appears from the New Test (Matt, x, 17 ; xxiii, 84), where there seems to be an allusion to the threefold sentence that prevailed in that ecclesiastical court (Lightfoot, Hor, Etbr. p. 832) ; yet the Talmud- Ists are not agreed whether forty blows could be in- flicted in any case {Sanhddr, i, 2). See Sykagooub. Scourging is mentioned (Acts v, 40) as a penalty in the power of the Sanhedrim ; an increase of severity being employed in instances of repeated offence {ScM' hedr, ix, 5 ; see Wendt, De debiiis redduis, Erlangen, 1824). See ConnciL. Under the Syrian rule chas- tisement with the lash occurs as a form of torture (2 Mace, vii, 1 ; comp. Juvenal, xiii, 195 ; Cicero, Cluent, 63). See Flaobllation. The Roman scourging (jppayiXXovv, fiaortyovv) with thongs was inflicted on Jesus before crucifixion (Matt, xxix, 26; John xix, 1), and on the apostles as a civil penalty (Acts xvi, 22, 87) ; but Roman citizens could only be beaten with rods (virgis ccedi, Cicero, Verr. v, 66 ; comp. Acts xxii, 25). That this punishment might be carried to a fe- tal extent is evident (Cicero, Verr, v, 54 ; Pluto, Opp. ii, 528) ; it was generally applied with fearful severity by the Roman governors (Josephus, War, vi, 5, 8). See Scourge.