ovrmv iyhftrOf ti Krtrrow i(|ffotten; or that he was BoOt
from that which had nobei£f ; or who affirm the Son <d G^jd to be of anj other mbstaaer or eaeenoei or ertaled^ or varia- ble, or mutable, aach pamma doth the Catholic ^ '
^T^por (votfTcttfcatr ti oinriat
0a<ricorrar e/fot, q TpnrT^ir n
aWoimrow rov vmv tov Beou,
uvotfc/iOTiCci h iffia KaSoXt'
nil Koi uirooToXiKij hucXricia.']
(Athanaaios, Bpist. de deeret
Syn. Nie. ; Eus. Ca». Ep. od tolic Church anathematiA!
Cmtttriens.; Socrates, Hist,\
Beeles.U9.) I
' It was established hy this creed that the Son ia of the same essence (ofioowrtog) with the Father.
2. The Nicano-Constantinopolitan Creed. — Ttke doc- tijne of the Person of Christ, as settled at Nice (A.D. 327), was disputed, especially as to the use of the ten b^oovatoQ bj the Semi-Arians and Ensebians (see Gieseler, Ch. History, i, § 81, 82). Uoreover, not asdj the Semi-Arians, but eyen many of the Nioenians (fol- lowers of the Nicene Creed), held, with the Aiiaiis, and especially the Macedonians (a. v.), that the Holj Spirit was created by the Father (Gieseler, L c). After ineffectual attempts, at several synods, to agr«e npon a formula, the Nicene symliol, with certain addlticms, was adopted at the second (Ecumenical Council of Con- stantinople A.D. 881. The creed thus adopted is giv- en below, in Greek and English (the form in the Eng- lish Prayer-book differing somewhat from the Gieek> The parts added at Constantinople are put in famcket*.
Symbolum Niossno-ConttantinopoUtamtm, Oreek. EngUdL
(I) I believe in one God tbt Father Almightj, Maker [of heaven and earth], and of all thhiga visible and invWUe: (2) And in one Lord Joa Chriflt, the onlj-begotteo Son of God, begotten of his Fktiicr CbefoPQ all world«i; (God of God), Light of Ught, vefT God of very God, begot^ta, not made, being of one eubatane* with the Father ; by whom al things were made; (3) Who for us men and for oor aalva. tion came down from beavoa, and was incarnate [bjr the Holj Gho«t of the Vb^ Maiy], and was made mui, [and was crucified also tor m under Pontius Pilate,] be suf- fered and was borted ; and the third day he rose again, ae- cording to the Scriptures ; and ascended into heaven, (and lit- tcth on the right hand of tkc FatheiQ. And he shaH coatt again with glorv to judge both the quick and the dead {wham kingdom shall have no eod). And I believe in the Holy Ghost [the Lord and Giver ef Ufe, who proeeedeth from tbe Father (and the Son), vbo with the Father and the Soa together is worshipped and glorified, who spake by the propheliL And I believe <m catholic and aposfeoUc Cbimk I acknowledge one baptisiii Ur the remis^on of sins; sad I look for the rpsoTTKtion of tkt dead, and the life of the v«fU to come. Ameu.]
ntrrtCofiew cir Jfva Os^v, iro' rif>a iravronpdropa [irmiiT^t ovpavov Koi 7»»0» OQaruv rt rdvrmv Kai iiopdrmv' tuu eir *va Kvpiov 'Iricovv XpttrroVf tov viov rov Qtov [riv fiovojtvn}, row kK rov warpov ftwriBivra [vp^ ydfTwi* r&v aXmwv], ^&v eK ^trrit, Otov AXqtftvov ^k Oeov 6.Xri9tvov, ytvvn&^vra ov irotn^ivra oixoovciow rif va- Tpt 6i ov rd wdvra iy^vtro. T6v- 6i hfi&t rovt uvSpmirovi Kai dm Tv}v hficripav cvrepiav Kart\96»ra ViK rmv ovpaifS»ii\, Kai vapKm94vra [.Ik irvevfiarot ayiov Kai Mapi'ar rfit wap04' vov], Kai ivavBpwviia'avra' iaravpt»0fvra rt hwfp nitAv hit XXovriov IfiXdrov], Kai iraBovra [ftai ra^vra} Kai upavrdtrra rp rpirp HM^Pf [Kara rat 7pa- 0d(]' Kai avtX06vra ttt row ovpavovt' Deal KaBt^Sfitvov iK defiMv TOV varp^r], Kai wakiv lpx6fitvo¥ [fitrd 66$ ti^] Kpivat ^mtrrat Kai vtKpovt' [ovrh^ fia- atXtiat OVK iorai TeXov]. Kai tit wvtv^ia r6 &ftov [to Ki/piov, r6 Cmo«-oi6v, r6 kK rov iraTpot ^Kfl-opev^/Asyov, t6 o-vv irarpi Kai viM av^ifpoeKwovixtvov, Kai trwio^a^6fitvoVf r6 XoAno-av 6id rmv a-po^nTMV. Eir fiiav &fiav Ka0o\iKiiv Kai iiiroaroX- iKnv kKKXti^iav' SfioXoyovfitv ev fiawriafia tit &(ptciv iifAapriAv' wpoa6oKS>ixtv uvdvraoiv v€' K^v Kai C^ifv rov ntWorrot
CREED
563
CREIGHTON
The words "and fh>m the Son" (Lat. "filioqae'*) were not added till the fifth century. The first cop- ies of this creed, in the Council of Ck>n8tantinople, and the councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon, have only the words "proceeding from the Father," without any mention of the Son. This addition to the creed of the Western Church first appears in the acts of an assem- bly of bishops at Braga (412) — "procedentem a Paire etVerbo" (Concil. Bracar. i; Mansi, ir, 287>— and in the third Council of Toledo (589), according to some copies (Mansi, ix, 981). Mabillon {De Lit, Gallic, i, 8) says of it, ** quod aCaroli M. tempore exordium ducit." It was then (circ. 800) of old standing. Yeiy proba- bly it is due to the Spanish Church in the ndddle «f the fifth century (Harvey, H%$t, of the Creeds, p. 462 sq. ; Hardwick, Middle Age, p. 61, n. 4 ; Browne, Ex- position of tie Articles, p. 114 sq.). — ^Pro<;|er, On Com- mon Prayer, p. 234. See Filioqub.
Among the Syriac MSS. discovered some years ago, now in the BritliBh Museum, is a version of the origin- al Nicene Creed, and also the Nic»no-Constantinopol- itan, of which Mr. B. Harris Cowper has printed trans- lations. The difierences between this Syrian version and the received text of both creeds are very slight.
The Nicene Creed is held to be of authority In the Greek and Roman churches, and is admitted by most Protestant churches. It was adopted, with the Apos- tles' and Athanasian creeds, by the Protestants after the Reformation, and was introduced into the Formula Concordia (q. v.) of the Lutherans and into the Eng- lish Prayer-book. On its value in theology, see Shedd, History of Doctrines, bk. iii, ch. iH ; Schaff, History of the Christian Church, § 127-131 ; Cunningham, Histor- ical Theology, ch. ix ; Domer, Doctrine of the Person of Christ, div. i, vol. ii ; Neander, History of Dogmas (Ry- bnd's transl.), i, 291-294 ; Stanley, Eastern Church (Lect. iv.); Browne, On the ^^ Articles, 228 sq. ; Wa- terland, Works, vol. iii; Bull, Defensio Fidei Nicente (transl. in Lib. of Anglo-Catholic Theology, Oxford, 1851, 2 vols.). See also Forbes, Short Explanation of the Nicene Creed (Lond. 1864) ; Palmer, Origines Litur- gica, ii, 66 ; Procter, On Common Prayer, p. 234 ; Har- vey, Of» the three Creeds; Harvey, Ecdes. Anglic, Vim- dex, i, 568 sq. ; Bingham, Orig. Eccles, bk. x, ch. iv ; Amer, Quart, Church Review, April, 1868, art. v.