thesto genealogies and lists were brought down to his own times by the compiler or last redactor of this book (see under No. 8 below).— Kitto^ Cyclop, s. v. See Nbb
Dabius Htstabpis (i. e. son of Hystaspes or Vash- taspa), the fifth in descent from Achaemenes, the found- er of the Perso-Arian dynasty, or ninth in the succes- sion of the Archsmenids (comp. Herod, vii, 11), as he styles himself in the Behithtn (q. v.) InBcription (Baw- linson, Herod, ii, 491), being third descendant from the younger brother of Cambyses, father of Cyrus, was, according to the popular legend (Herod, i, 209, 210), already marked out for empire during the reign of Cyrus. Cambyses having died without issue, and no other son of Cyrus surviving, Darius was heredita- ry successor to the throne, to which, as Herodotus relates, he was elected on tiie death of the pretended Smerdis by his follow-conspirators. In the Canon, the date of his succession is B.C. 521, and the length of his reign 86 years, both points con^med by Herod- otus (vii, 1-4), according to whom he died five years after the battle of Marathon (therefore B.C. 485), after a reign of thirty-six years (also attested by an Egyp- tian inscription, Boeellini, Afon, Storid, ii, 164). He devoted hfanself to the internal organization of his kingdom, which had been impeded by the wars of Cyrus and Cambyses, and the confusion of the' reign of Smerdis. His designs of foreign conquest were interrupted by a revolt of the Babylonians, under a pretender who bore the royal name of Nabukudrassar (Niebuhr, Ceech. An. vend Bab. p. 94), which was at length put down, and punished with great severity (B.C. dr. 516). After the subjugation of Bal>ylon, Darius turned his arms against Scytbia, Libya (Herod, iv, 145 sq.), and India (Herod, iv, 44). Thrace and Macedonia acknowledged his supremacy, and some of the islands of the ^geean were^ded to his dominicn in Asia Mhior and the seaboard%f Thrace (B.C. 516- 505). Shortly afterwards he came into collision with Greece, and the defeat of Marathon (B.C. 490) only roused him to prepare vigorously for that decisive struggle with tiie West which was now inevitable. His plans were again thwarted by rebellion. Domes- tie quarrels (Herod, vii, 2) followed on the rising in Egypt, and he died (B.C. 485) before his preparations were completed (Herod, vii, 4).
With regard to the Jews, Darius Hystaspis pursued the same policy as Cyrus, and restored to them the privileges which they had lost. For the usurpation of Smerdis involved a religious as well as a political revolution, and the restorer of the Magian fiiith will- ingly listened to the enemies of a people who had wel- comed Cyrus as their deliverer (Ezra iv, 17 sq.). But in the second year of Darius, B.C. 520, as soon as his power had assumed some solidity, Haggai (Hag. i, 1 ; U, 1, 10) and Zechariah encouraged their countrymen to resume the work of restoration (Ezra v, 1 sq.), and when their proceedings came to the king's knowledge he confirmed the decree of Cyrus by a new edict, and the Temple was finished in four years (B.C. 516 ; Ezra vi, 15), though it was apparently used before that time (Zech. vii, 2, 8). The benefits conferred by Darius upon the Jews are not mentioned in his inscriptions. Of the satrapies, twenty in number, into which he formed the empire, Palestine would be part of the fourth, including Syria, Phcsnida, and C^'prus. The fourth king of Persia, who should ''be far richer than they a)l, and by his strength, through his riches, should stir up all against the realm of Grecia (Dan. xi, 2), may be Darius, if the pseudo-Smerdis is reckoned, but the description better suits Xerxes (see Hitzlg in the Kgf. exeget. Hdb, in loc).~Eitto, s. v. ; Smith, s. v.
3. "Darius the Persian" OP'n§n '?T, Sept. Aapitot b niprnic) occurs (Neh. xii, 22) in a passage which merely states that the succession of priests was regis- tered up to his reign. The question as to the person
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here intended bears chiefly on the aothonhip of the passage. It may be briefly stated thns : If^ as is more commonly belieyed, this king be Darios Nothns (orig- inally Ochns), who came to the throne in B.C. 424, and reigned nineteen years, we must (assuming that the Jaddna here mentioned is the high-priest who went oat to meet Alexander the Great [q. v.] on liis entry into Jerusalem, Josephns, AnL xi, 8) conceive eitlier that Jaddna reached an age exceeding a century — ^for so long he must liave lived, if he was already high- priest in the reign of Darius Kothus, and saw Alex- ander's entry ; or that the Jaddua of Nehemiah and of Josephus are not the same person. Carpzov has tried to show, ftom this very chapter, that the Jaddua of ver. 22 was a Levite, and not the high-priest (IfUro- ducL ad Libr. Vet, Test, p. 847). See Jaddua. If, however, the register was continued to a later time, as is not improbable, the occurrence of the name Jad- dua (ver. 11, 22), who was high-priest at the time of the invasion of Alexander (q. v.), points to Darius III Codomannus, the antagonist of Alexander, and last king of Persia, B.C. 836-330 (1 Mace, i, 1). Compare Jahn, ArcAdol. II, i, 272 sq. ; KeH^Lehrb. d, EmleU. § 152, 7, who defends at length the integrity of the pas- sage. On this latter view, we must either assume that Nehemiah himself attained the age of 180 years at least, or that this passage is an interpolation by a later hand (Bertholdt, Einleit. iii, 1081). Perhaps the meaning of the verses in question only b, that the priests enumerated were those included in Uie genea- logical records down to the time of the return from Babylon, i. e. as finally made out by Nehemiah and Ezra (ver. 26) ; and therefore containing those pros- pectively high-priests, although at the time but chil- dren. Supposing that Jaddua was five years of age at the time of the closing of the O. T. canon [see 1^ ra], in B.C. 406 (to which date Nehemiah undoubtedly Uyed), he would haitt been but about fifty years old on his accession as high-priest (q. v.), B.C. dr. 859. The king referred to in Neh. xli, 22, would then be Darius Nothus. This explanation is consistent with all the circumstances, and leaves the authenticity of the passage unaffected.