From the intimations which the narrBdTe(i^ ly her song) contains, and from other ciren the peoide would appear to have sank ints * Mtf total discouragement under the opprcMioa of ik& naanites, so that it was difficult to roue ftaln their despondency, and to induce them ts mk^ exertion to burst the fetters of tbdr booda^ fm the gratitude which Deborah expreaaci tssiriife people for the effort which they finally Bsde,viB warranted in drawing the toDdnsioo that ibekiji^ endeavored to instigate them to this step is tm I length she summoned Barak, the toe of AbiaoB^fai Kedesh, a dty of Naphtali, on a monntaiB aecfv&i Hazor, and made known to him the will of Mis he should undertake an enterprise fir the defifot of his country. But such was his diihssrtcB of feeling, and, at the same time, such hif eouidaeil the superior character and authGrityofDebon^ii he assented to go only on the conditinn that sbe^ accompany him. Jabin*s tyranny was penfi^Til in the northern tribes, who were near his etftid under her jurisdiction, vis. Zebokm, NspfataE,aik> sachar; hence, when she summoned Bank !• ik fr liverance, it was on them that the brant «f tbe )^ feU; but they were joined by tb^ a^jseeat eoari tribes, Ephraim, Manasseh, and Beqjanna, tkn^ « by those of the extreme west, south, and «ait Cak her direction Barak encamped on "the httd ^ of Tabor**(Josephus,irar, ii,20,Q. WhaaWi accompany him, she answered indignaiitfy,*'!^^ Barak, deUverest up meanly the authoritj wtei S* hath c^ven thee into the hands of a vqdu: ^ doIrejecttt**(Joeeph.j4ii<.v,5,2). TheSejti» polates the words *' because I know nottha d^<h the Lord will escort me by his angel** uttaii^ cuse for Barak*s request (iv, 8; comp.14; t,2S). ^ the small band of ill-armed (Judg. v, 8) Isac^ « the dense iron chariots of the enemy, "tl«T»as frightened that they wished to march off at onU not Deborah detained them, and commanded tki» fight the enemy that very day** (Joseph. Lc} ^ did so, but Deborah*s prophecy was ftiMDrf(M^ 9), and the enemy*s general perished aang^ *J" of the wanderers (Zaanaim),'* in the tent of 4« "^ ouin Kenite*s wifo (Judg. iv, 21) in the northen^ tains. For the natural phenomena which aiM (^ V, 20, 21) the victory, and the other detaili(*r»» we have ample authority in the twofold ""*■■ prose and poetry), see Barak, where ue ha'* «f* tcred on the question d tiie chronologjr (Enli w* 11,489-494). B.C. 1409. This grest victay. *» seems to have been followed up, broke tbe pe^* the native princes, and secured to the ImeBK»»* pose of forty years* duration (Judg. v, SI). I*"* part of this time Deborah probably coatinorftee* ciM her former authority ; but notiifaig won rfw* tory is known. See Thomson, Ltmiaad Set^^: Hunter, Sacred Biog. iv, 98 ; Hughes, Fmk Oe^ 296.— Kitto, 8. V. ; Smith, s. v.
Deborah's title of "prophetess** (Tttm) « the notion of inspired poetry, as hi Exod. xt,2*: ^ in this sense the glorious triumphal ode (Js^^\^ vindicates her claim to the office. TTasW*** was composed in consequence of tbe grastrid^^
Sisera, is said to have been "sung by D**^* Barak.*' See Jabl. It is usually r«««** ■* composition of Deborah (see Zeltner, Di^jf propketissas eruditio, Alt. 1708), sad wai pn*^^* dited by her to be sung on the return of Bsiak****
DEBT
m
DEBTOR
iors ftom the ptmnit It belongs indispatably to irst ranlc of Hebrew poetry, and is one of its most idid and difficult specimens. **In the ecstasy ixxergy of inspiration," says Prof. Robinson (Bib, «. 1B31, p. 569), **the prophetess poors out her o soul in thanksgiving to God for his divine aid, Ji gratitode to the people of Israel for their patri- A in rising spontaneously to throw off the yoke of ession. fier strains are bold, varied, and sub- ; she is everywhere full of abrupt and impassion- t>peals and personifications ; she bursts away from ti to heaven, and again returns to human things ; touches now upon the present, now dwells upon past, and closes at length with the grand promise resiUt of all prophecy, and of all the dealings of *s providence, that the wicked shall be overthrown, le the Tij^hteous shall ever trinmph in Jehovah*s le. " This ode has often been explained at length, tcially hy Hollman, In carmen Debora (Lips. 1818) ; m, Sur le chcaii de Dibora (Strasb. 1888); Kalkar, ^arUico Deb. (Copenh. 1883); Kemink, De cam. Deb. r. 1840) ; Meier, Ud>eri* u, Erkldr, det Deborah- lies (TVLbingen, 1859) ; Herder, ffeb. Poem, ii, 285 ; aid. Poet. BiUiher, i, 125 sq. ; Gnmpach, ^2»ei<. Stud, 40; Bdttger, in K&uflfer's Bibl, Studim, pt 1-8; b&nson, BibL Jiepos, i, 568 sq. Other treatises are, Latin, by Schultens (L. B. 1745; also in his SyU, fterU. No. 12), Lette (L. B. 1759), Lllderwald (Helmst. r2), Schnurrer (Tttb. 1775 ; also in his D%8$ertt, p. 86 ) ; comp. Origen (Opp, 11, 470), Jerome (Opp, Spur, 745), Muis CSel, Cant, i), Cocceius {Opp, i, 811) ; in irman, by Teller (Halle, 1766), Wenck (Darmst 78), Kahler (in £idihom*s Hepertor. vi, 168 sq.), andelssohn (in Sammkr, 1778), Bielcke (Starg. 1750) ; Ungliah, by Weston (London, 1788), Horsley (Bib. -it, ii, 424, 477) ; in Italian, by Hints (ed. Brini, Bom. 92). See Judges (Book of).
Debt C^lbp, neshV, 2 Kings iv, 7; MK^^, mash- oak', Prov.' xxii, 26; Kioa, wotW', accreditor, 1 %.m, xsii, 2 ; elsewhere, ^'^, hand, Neh. x, 81 ; id- uov, loan, never debt, Matt xviii, 27 ; ^iX^, Matt viii, 22, a due, as rendered Rom. xiii, 7; d^iXtf a, sometkinff owed, Matt, vi, 12 ; Rom. iv, 4). The losaic law very strongly recommended willingness to 3an (Deut xv, 7 sq. ; comp. Psa. xxxvii, 26 ; Matt. \ 42). Interest (?]^S, "usury"), however, could only « exacted by capitalists from foreigners, not at all torn Israelites as co-religionists (hi Neh. v, 11, a per- lentage is mentioned ; but it does not appear whether his was in money, Heineccii Antiq. Bom. ii, 15, 19, as Senerally among the Romans, or a yearly rental - comp. Appian, Gv. i, 54) ; also a vendue of loaned oatoral products (see, however, Baba Mezia, v, 1) was Torbidden (Exod. xxii, 25 ; Lev. xxv, 87 sq. ; Deut. xxiii, 20). The agrarian regulation of the state se- cured each one, in the last resort, from the rapacity of the creditor ; probably by this very arrangement mon- eyed men were restrained from depending upon loaned money fai a subsistence, and were thus induced to tarn their attention to agriculture or other useful oc- cupations. See Land. In this way, however, whole- sale busm^s, which was incompatible with the isola- tion-system of the Jewish law-giver, was rendered i"]"^ or rather impossible (see Michaelis, Syntagm, cmmena. ii, 1 sq. ; Mot. BedU, iii, 87 sq. ; Jahn, Bibl. Arckdol, II, 11, 825 sq. ; on the Talmudic prescriptions, see Selden, Jtu, hAt. vi, 9). Usury incurred the deepest scorn (Prov. xxviii, 8 ; Ezek. xviii, 8, 18, 17 ; xxli, 12; Jer. xv, 10; Psa. xv, 5; cix, 11), but no other dvU penalty was annexed to it (according to Ae Talmud, it hivolved a forfeiture of redress ; on the whole subject, see Marezoll, De umraria pramtate, Lips. 1887). Written notes pf obligation (xfip6ypa^a, •iffiiotures; Gesenins, Thetaunu, p. 921, finds such evi- dences of debt hi the IJ K'^*^ or T^ nq-g, q. d. note of