6. siK bKiu, sho9f ob, "a consulter vitk te& spirits" (Sept. iyyatrrpifivOoc ; Tnlg. qtnPjfimacat' sulit). Most writers treat this dass of dirinen » w- romancers (so Gesenius, Thes. p. 84). But, vfanmr be the close connection of the two as dedadbk be other passages, it is imposrible to soppose that io Dm xviii, 11, six ixo is synonymous with ^ C*-/ D'^nsn, which follows almost next Bottcba, l- Inferis, carefully distinguishes between the tn a- pressions (p. 108), and then identifies the 2'^w^ occurs in the plural in Job xxxii, 19 (m its pn^ sense of a leathern bottUy or water-skin), with the mc of the same form whidi is fi^nnd in so may ^ passages with a different meaning. In tbcM tk Sept. has invariably used iyyatrrpi/uj&oc,^^'^ <*■* nects our phrase with ventriloqmsm^ as a hnndi d\k divining art. (For the supposed connectkm betna the primary and secondary senses of I'sSt, tee G» nius, Thes. p. 84, and Lex, by Robinfon, p. 80: t^ Bdttcher, p. 107. The analogy is also in dose w- sistency with the words of Job.— Umbrat, is !«.• Having settled the sense of the word, Bdttcher ^ on to draw a noticeable distinction in certain ptoa where it occurs. First, 31K in the singolar oasilff designates the famiHar spirit (i. e. what he ok '*murmelbanch," venter frmnens [in a eonrect ie»J or " murmelwesen," deenum/remens |m a sapoititkK sense]). Hence we have snch phrases as 21X T^H. mistress [or owner] o/ a familiar ipirk (1 Sam. xiri. 7); six bK^, a consulter or questioner <^afv^ qjirit [i. e. says Bdttcher, ** ventriloqaiu vatee ip«1 (Dent, xviii, 11). Secondly, a'l«, when goreraed t? the particle a, refers not to the votes, or pro&w®*^ consulter, but to the person who requests hii ^'^ thus, while six iXD is said of the diriner (S* ci) a^xa h\v^'^h (with the particle) is applied to Vh Saul, who sought tlie familiar spirit by the aid of * ra<M, or ;>yMofi»«a (1 Chron. X, 13). "TbeMie*- tinction," says Bdttcher, *' is also maintained bj J^ TargumistsandTalmudists.*' (Comp. 1 Sam. xxto/. " Divine to me, aixa, by the familiar spirit") Ttoi ly, riak, in the plural, is used in a conenit ssbm *
DIVINATION
833
DIVINATION
cate the yentriloqaists or diviners themselves, and the '* familiar spirits" which were supposed to act- s them (De I^ferit^ p. 101, § 205, where the learned ber adduces similar cases of metonymy from other ^aages : as yaarspi^ d(rfaij ^* Mlow-beUies^'* Tit. i,
so our "irft» about town;'' the German "Witz- fe," *' Dickb&uche," etc.) By this canon we dis- er the general' accuracy of our A. V. in such pas- es as I/ev. xix, 81, where TOktJ is well rendered, kern that have familiar spirits." Comp. Lev. xx, 6 ; am. xxviil, 8, 9; 2 Kings zxiii, 24; Isa. viii, 19; , 3. In Isieu xxix, 4, the same concrete rendering ipplied to liK in the singular, contrary to BOtt- r*s first and thhrd canons; but this rendering is srior to what Bdttcher would suggest, viz. **Thy ce shall be om ofafcaMar tpiritj out of the ground" This is the only passage where the accuracy of
version, thus tested, seems to be at fkult ; it con- sts strikfaigly with the Sept. in this point, which intains no distinction between the sing, and the r. of this word, other than the mechanical one of ting lyyaoTpiiiv^oQ for ^'iH, and iyyaorpifw^oi
nhk. The Vulgate b more cautious, e. g. it ren- B most of the plurab magi^ rightly, but is, on the ole, inferior to the A. Y. in accuracy, for it trans- es both the sing. I'lK of ^ Kings xzi, 6, and the IT. ra&( of 2 Eangs zxiii, 24, by the same word, thones, and similarly Isa. viii, 19, and xix, 8. (For lescription of the Delphian Pytha, or Pythonissa, i why ventriloquist faculties were attributed to her hence one of her designations, iyyaaTpl^v^oi]^ see tter*B AwUq, c. ix.) A vast amount of information iching the Hebrew yaarpoftavnia, and its connec- n with the witch of Endor, is contained in the trea^ e of Leo Allatius, and Eustathius Antiochen., De }gcairimgtho ; and the Samuel redimvui of Michael ithard, all reprinted in Critid Sacri, viii, 808-458. e also St. Chrysostom, Opera (ed. Bened.), vii, 445. concise statement is contained in Bdttcher^s work, 111-116. The identity of Six and nbk with nee- mancy, contrary to Bdttcher*s view, is maintained in . Millii DistertaHo, especially in chap, vi, whom Ge- nius follows in Thee. s. v. n'lM. See the Disiertatio
UgoL Thetaur. xxiii, 517-528. For ancient Jewish linions on the apparition of Samuel to Saul, see Jo- phus, Ant, vi, 14, 2, and Whiston's note in loc. ; also sdesiasticus xlvi, 20. On this subject, the second tter of Sir W. Scott, On Demonologg and Witcherqft, ith the note in the appendix of the volume, is well orthy of perusal. Whatever recUUg God may have irmitted to this remarkable case of divination, the sort to it by Saul was most offensive to the divine eing ; the king's rejection is partly ascribed to it in Chron. x, 13: somewhat sindlar is the reason as- gned for God's vengeance on Manasseh (2 Kings xi, 11. See the remarkable canons 61 and 65 of the mllan [Quinieextum] Council ; Beveregii Synod, i, 27, 285). See Familiab Spirit.