Hargiiive, cir. A.D. lliOO (barker).
Chapter House, Southwell, cir. A.D. 12J0 (Parker).
WestmiQi^tel■ Abbey, cir. A.D. 1-I5ii J^arker).
which, when raised above the parapet, pi'oduce in some degree the effect of pinnacles. Fhing buttresses were firj<t introduced in this stjle. Pinnacles are but spar- ingly used, and only towards the end of the style. The roofs appear alwa3'S to have been high-pitched. The ornaments used in this style are by no means so various as in eitlier of the others ; occasionally small roses or other flowers, and bunches of foliage, are carved at intervals in the hollow mouldings, but by far the most common and characteristic is the toothed ornament, which is often introduced in great profu- sion, and the hollows entirely filled with it. The foli- age is very remarkalile for boldness of effect, and it is often so mucli undercut as to be connected with the mouldings only b}' the stallcs and edges of the leaves ; there is frequentlj' considerable stiffness in the mode in which it is coml)ined, but the effect is almost always good : the prevailing leaf is a trefoil. Towards the latter part of the style crockets were first introduced. The style may be said to begin in the later half of Richard the First's reign, about which time St. Hugh began his cathedral. During the reign of king John tlie Early English style liad olitained the complete mastery; but the reign of Henry III was the great period of the Early Englisli style, which had now ob- tained perfection. That king himself and his brother Richard were great builders. The most perfect exam- ple of the style is perhaps Salisbuiy Cathedral. To- wards the end of the reign we have examples, such as the presljytery of Lincoln and the chapter-house of Salisbury, of what may be almost called the Decora- ted style, though the mouldings and many of the de- tails are pure Early English. This kind of work may best be called Transitional." — Parker, Glossary of Ar- chitecture, s. v. See Architecture.
Earnest. 'Appaftoiv is evidently the Hebrew ''3'^? (erahon , a jileclge') in Greek characters. It is a mer- cantile term which the Greeks and Romans njipear to have adopted from the Phoenicians (kindred in dialect with the Hebrews) as the founders of commerce. With a slight alteration in the letters, but witli none whate\'er in the sense, it becomes the Latin arrhabo, contr. orr/ui; French ai-res; English earles (in the old English expression Earl's or Ark's money) and earn- est. These three words occur in the Heb., Sept., and Vulg. in Gen. xxxviii, 17, 18, and in ver. 20, with tlie exception that the Vulg. there changes it to jvgnus. The use of these words in this passage clearly illus- trates their general import, which is that of an earnest or pledge, given and received, to assure the fulfilment of an engagement. Plesychius explains cifjpai^dn' by Trpudoj-ta, something given beforehand. The Hehre'W word was used generally for 2^'eclye (Gen. xxxviii, 17), and in its cognate forms for surety (Prov. xvii, 18) and
EAR-RIInG
EAR-RING
hostage (2 Kings xiv, 14). The Greek derivative, however, acquired a more technical sense, as signify- ing the deposit paid by the purchaser on entering into an agreement for tlie purcliase of any tiling (Suid. l^x. s. V.) This idea attaches to all the paiiicnki?- ajiplica- tions of the word, as anytliing given bj' waj' of war- rant or securit)' for the performance of a promise; part of a debt paid as an assurance of paying the re- mainder ; part of the price of anything paid before- hand to confirm the bargain between buyer and sell- er; part of a servant's wages paid at the time of hir- ing, for the purpose of ratifying the engagement on loth sides. The idea that tlie earnest is either to be returned upon the fulfilment of the engagement, or to be considered as part of the stipulation, is also in- cluded. A siir.ilar legal and technical sense attaches to earnest, the payment of which places both the ven- dor and purchaser in a position to enforce tlie carrying out of the contract (Blackstone, ii, 30). The payment of earnest-money under the name of arrabon is still one of the common occurrences of Arab life. Similar customs of paying down at the time of a contract '■something to bind the bargain" have prevailed among all nations. (See Smith's Dictionary of Class. Antiq. s. v. Arrha.) See Bargain.
The word is used three times in the New Testament, but always in a figurative sense : in the first (2 Cor. i, 22) it is applied to the ffifts of the Holy Spirit which God bestowed upon the ujiosfles, and by which lie might be said to have hired them to be the servants of his Son ; and which were the earnest, assurance, and commencement of those far superior blessings which he would bestow on them in the life to come as the wages of their y(«^/;/i'// services: in the two latter (2 Cor. V, 5 ; Ephes. i, 13, 14) it is applied to the gifts bestowed on Christians generally u[)On whom, after baptism, the apostles laid their hands, and which were to them an earnest of obtaining a heavenly habitation and inheritance, upon the supposition of their fidelity. This nse of the term finely illustrates the augmented powers and additional capacities promised in a future state. Jerome, in his comment on the second passage, exclaims, "Si arrhabo tantus, quanta erit possessio — If the earnest was so great, how great must be the possession!" (See Kj'pe, Macknight, and Middleton on these passages ; Le Moyne, Not. ad Var. Sacr. ]i. 4G0-480.) In a spiritual sense, it denotes those gifts and graces which the Christian receives as the earnest and assurance of perfect happiness in a future world. (See Clauswitz, Ve Arrhabone, Halle, 1747; AVinzer, Comment, in loc. Lips. 18;j6 ; Schulthess, in Keil and Tschirner's Ancdecten, II, i, 215 sq.) There is a marked distinction between jiledge and earnest in this respect, tliat the latter is a part-payment, and there- fore inqdies the identity in kind of the deposit with the future full payment; whereas a pledge may be some- tliing of a totally dift'erent nature, as in Gen. xxxviii, to be resumed by the depositor when he has completed his contract. Thus the expression '■^earnest of the Si)irit" implies, beyond the idea of securitj', the iden- tity in kind, though not in degree, and the continidty of the Christian's privileges in this world and in the next. Moreover, a pledge is taken back when the promise which it guaranteed is fulfilled ; but whatever is given as earnest, being a part in advance of the whole, is of course retained. See Pledge.