PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 3
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,405,961 words · 1366 reading sections
Section 1
mm "mm CYCLOPEDIA OF THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE. PKEPAKED BY THE REV. JOHN M'CLINTOCK, D.D.> AND JAMES STRONG, S.T.D. Vol. III.— E, F, G. PRIVATE LIBRARY RICHARD C. HALVERSON NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE. 18 82. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year…
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Specimen of the Ephraem MS >Iap of Ephraim Ancient Egyptians Writing Statue of Erasmus at Rotterdam. . . . Tomb of Mordecai and Esther Ancient Ethiopians Specimen of Ethiopic MS ICthnograiihic Map of the World .... Oriental Ewer and Basin Map of the Exode Assyrians Blinding a Prisoner Modern Egyptian Face pa…
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732 Ionic Order, Monument of Lyaicrates 977 732 Plan of the Parthenon 97T 732 Parthenon restoi-ed 973 7.33 Map of Ancient Greece 980 733 Egyptian Woman mourning 1008 733 Oriental Women grinding Meal 1012 733 Assyrian Symbolic Tree 1021 Tamarix Oricntalis 1022 735 Ancient Egyptian Sentiy 1024 739 C TC L 0 P^ D …
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]!y tliy under-stanrliiig: will [tlir] Iiawk tower, ppvfind Ills wings soiitlnvnrd? P. reliance on tliy biddinc [the] eaglo will soar. Or [it is th"n] that he will make lofty his nest? A i-uck will he inhabit, and [there] roost, U]ion the peak of a rook, even [tl>e] citadel : Thence he has spied food, Trom afar his ey…
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AVith reference to the texts referred to above, -w Inch compare the watchful and sustaining care of his peo- ple by the Almighty with that exhibited by the eagle in training its young ones to fly, especially the spirited one in Deut. xxxii, 11, 12 — " As an eagle will rouse his nest ; Over liis fledgelings will hover;…
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fish ; both pursue the catta (pterocles), partridge, and lizard. The osprey alone being migratory, retires to Southern Arabia in winter. None, excepting the last mentioned, are so exclusively averse to carrion as is commonly asserted : from choice or necessity they all, but in particular the sea-eagles, occasionallj' f…
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EARS, Touching the, an ancient eeremonj' in the baptism of catechumens, which consisted in touch- ing theu' ears and laying Ephpkaiha, '^ He opened." This was joined with the imposition of hands and with exorcism, and is supposed to have signified the open- ing of the understanding to receive instruction on the faith. …
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Hargiiive, cir. A.D. lliOO (barker). Chapter House, Southwell, cir. A.D. 12J0 (Parker). WestmiQi^tel■ Abbey, cir. A.D. 1-I5ii J^arker). which, when raised above the parapet, pi'oduce in some degree the effect of pinnacles. Fhing buttresses were firj<t introduced in this stjle. Pinnacles are but spar- ingly used, and…
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Ear-ring stands in the Auth.Vers. as the render- in;^ of three Heb. words of considerably diflFerent im- port. See lIiXG. 1, ?^H" {agiV , from its roundness), properly a ring, specially an ear-ring (Num. xxxi, ."30; Ezek. xvi, 12), nearly all the ancient ear-rings exhibited in the sculp- tures of Egypt and Persejiolis…
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The ear-ring appears to have been regarded with superstitious reverence as an amulet : thus it is named in the Chaldee and Samaritan versions N'J"^"!)?) '^ ^'"(^ thing; and in Isa. iii, 20 the word Cidnb, prop, amu- lets, is rendered in the A.V., after the Sept. and Vulg., ear-rings. On this account they were surrender…
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II. The idea which the ancient Hebrews had of the figure of the earth can only be conjectured from inci- dental hints occasionlly given in Scripture (Isa. xl, 22; Prov. viii, 27 ; Job xxvi, 10 ; Psa. xxiv, 2 ; cxxxvi, G). From these jjassages, taken together, says Kosenmiiller (AlterthnmsJc. I, i, 133 sq.), we obtain t…
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That eartliquakes were among the extraordinary phenomena of Palestine in ancient times is sliown in their being an element in the poetical imagery of the ]lel>re\vs, and a source of religious admonition and devout emotion. An earthquake, when great, over- turns and clianges the surfiice of the earth, subverting mountai…
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The only important or clear earthquake mentioned in the New Testament (except the doubtful one of Matt, xxviii, 2) is that which happened at the cruci- fixion of the Saviour of mankind (Matt, xxvii, 50-1 ; comp. Luke xxiii, 44-5 ; Mark xv, 33). The concomi- tant darkness is most naturally held to have been an attendant…
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East is the rendering of the following terms in the English Bible. See GEOciR.vriiy. 1. ri~7"9, miz)-ach', properly denotes the rising, sc. of the sun, and strictly corresponds with the Gr. c'lva-. ToXij, and the Lat. oricns. It is used tropically for the east indefinitely (Psa. ciii, 12 ; Dan. viii, 9 ; Amos viii, 1…
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The east seems to have been regarded as symbolical of distance (Isa. xlvi, 11), as the land stretched out in tliese directions without any known limit. In Isa. ii, (!, th3 house of Jacob is said to be " replenished from the east" (D'1J5'D ^N3"2), which some explain as refer- ring to witchcraft, or the arts of divinatio…
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3. Turninr/ East in Baptis})i. — In the ancient bap- tisteries were two apartments : first, a porch or ante- room (TrnoavXioc oIkoc), where the catechumens made their renunciations of Satan and confessions of faith ; and the inner room (tcwnpog oIkoc), where tbe cei'o EASTBURN v.iony of baptism was performed. "When t…
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Easter (iraaxa, a Gr. form of the Heb. HCQ, and so Latinized by the Vulgate j)'tschd), i. e. Passover. Easter is a word of Saxon origin, and imports a god- dess of the Saxons, or, rather, of the East, Estera, in honor of whom sacrifices being annually ofl'ered about the Passover time of the j-ear (spring), the name be-…
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with the adherents of the other practice. The first effort to come to an agreement on the controversy was made by bishop Polycarp, of Smyrna, about the middle of the 2d century, when on a visit to bishop Anicet, of Rome. The two bishops received each other with the kiss of peace, but neither of them was willing to sacr…
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Easter, John, a distinguished Methodist Episco- pal minister. Dates of his early life are wanting. lie joined tlie itinerancy in 1782, and located in 1792. His ministerial career was "brilliant," and "his success almost unparalleled." In 1787, on Brunswick Circuit, Va., eighteen hundred souls were added to the Church u…
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EATING 15 EATING (Odi/ss. xiv, 446 sq.). We ai'e assured that this is I custom, by no means agreeablo to a European, to still practised in China, and that many in India never which, however, I would willinglj' have endeavored to eat out of the same dish, nor on the same table with submit, but it was impossible to le…
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and lift it to their mouth in their palm. states, " The Arabs, in eating, do not whole hand into the dish, but only their thumb and two first fnigers, with which they take up tlie mor- sel, and that in a moderate quantity at a time." The present mode of eating in Syria and Palestine is thus desciibed l)v Dr. Jowett: "T…
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1. (Sept. rf/(i«)' [Vat. MS. omits], Vulg. Hebal.) A various reading for Ogal (q. v.), the son of Joktan (1 Chron. i, 22 ; comp. Gen. x, 28). 2. (TcnftnX V. r. Tn(/3/A [1 Alex. MS. rao/3//X], Vulg. Fbal.) The fourth son of Shobal, son of Seir, the Horite of Idumaja (Gen. xxxvi, 23 ; 1 Chron. i. In closing this subjec…
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This is the view taken by Eusebius {Onomasticm, s. V. Pf/iriX). He does not quote the passage in Dent., but seems to be led to Iiis ojiinion rather by the diffi- III.— B culty of the mountains at Shechem being too far apart to admit of the blessings and cursings being heard, and also by his desire to contradict the Sa…
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It is well known that one of the most serious varia- tions between the Hebrew text of the Pentateuch and the Samaritan text is in reference to Ebal and Geri- zim. In Deut. xxvii, 4, the Samaritan has Gerizim, ■while the Hebrew (as in A.V.) has Ebal, as the mount on which the altar to Jehovah and the inscription of the …
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CHAR. Ebbo, archbishop of Rheims, was the son of a Saxon serf, and was horn about 775, or, according to other accounts, about 78G. While a boy he became known to the young king Louis, the son ( f Charle- magne, who sent him to a convent school, and had him educated for the ministry. As he belonged to a serf family, an…
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ian writers (ably edited by Assemani, Bihl. Or. iii, 1, p. 1-3C'2), at the close of which his own writings are also given. — Iloefer, Nouo. Bing. Gen. xv, 594 ; Herzog, iii, G13 ; Assemani, Bibl. Oiient. iii, part i. (J. H. AV.) Ebed-Je.su, a Chalda^an patriarch and Syrian writer, lived about the middle of the IGth ce…
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Eben-zoheleth. See Zoheleth. E'ber (Heb. id. ^2", country beyond), the name of five men. 1. (Sept. "E/Jfo and''l!]/Sfp,Vulg. Heber.') Eber (as the name sliould be Anglicized) was the son of Salah, and father of Peleg, being the third post-diluvian pa- triarch after Shem (Gen. x, 24; xi, 14; 1 Chron. i, l»,'lh). B.C. …
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ijbert, Jacob, an eminent Hebrew scholar, was born at Sprottau in 1549. He was professor of He- brew and theology at the university then in Frankfort on the Oder, now in Berlin, and at one time its rector magnificus. So versed was he in Hebrew that he could write in that language. He died in 1C14. His works are, Histor…
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EBNERIAN MANUSCRIPT 22 EBONY Among these Ijclong the Elkesaitas" (Sclmff, Ch. Hist, i, § OS, 214 ?(!.). The ])sciulo-Ch'ineiitiiie h(nnilies teach ii speculative form of Ebioiiism, essentially Judaiziiig in spirit and aim [see Clkjikntines, ii, p. 383] ; and ■conip. Schair, Ch. History, i, § 69; Dorner, Person of Chr…
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Ebony wood was highly esteemed by the ancients, and emplovcd bv them for a vnrietv of purposes (The- ophr. Hist'. PI. iv, 5 ; Plin. //. A. vi,'30, § 35 ; xii, 4, S 8, 9; Strabo, XV, 703 ; Pausan. i, 42. 5 ; viii, 17, 2; Ovid, Met. xi, 610 ; compare Barhebr. Chrnn. p. 181). It is very appropriately placed in juxtapositi…
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again returning to its ancient channels, than to the want of ebony in the ancient Ethiopia. From the na' ture of the climate, and the existence of forests in which the elephant abounds, there can be no doubt of its being well suited to the group of plants which have been found to yield the ebony of Mauritius, Ceylon, a…
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Ebro'nah (Yleh. Ahromth' , 'HT.'^.'IlV, passage, i. e. of the sea; Sept. 'E/3pwi'«), the thirtieth station of the Israelites on their w-ay from Egypt to Canaan (Num. xxxiii, 34, 35). Since it lay near Ezion-Gaber on the west, as they left Jotl)athah, it was probably in the plain now known as the KiVa en-Nitkb, immediat…
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ECBATANA 25 ECBATANA flow forth abundantlj'. And within the var, or for- tress, he erected a loft}' palace, encompassed with walls, and laid it out in many separate divisions, and there was no place, either in front or rear, to command and overawe the fortress." Herodotus, who ascribes the foundation of the city to …
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The northern Ecbatana continued to be an impor- tant place down to the 13th century after Christ. By the Greeks and Romans it appears to have been knowni as Gaza, Gazaca, or Canzaca, "the treasure city," on account of the wealth laid up in it, while by the Ori- entals it was termed Shiz. Its decay is referable to the M…
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tween Proverbs and Canticles, as in the A.V. See Bible. It is the fourth of the five Migilloth (q. v.) or Rolls, as they are called b}' the Jews, being appoint- ed to be read at the Feast of Tabernacles. 'Hw form of tlie book is poctico-dhlactic, without the sublimity of the beautiful parallelism and rhythm which chara…
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The other explanations of Koheleth, viz.. Gatherer or Acquirer of wisdom, and Solomon is called by this name because he gathered much wisdom (liashi. Rash- bam, etc.) ; Collector, Compiler, because he collected in this book divers experience, views, and maxims for the good of mankind (Grotius, Mayer, Mendelssohn, etc.)…
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ECCLESIASTES 28 ECCLESIASTES use a liberty which has been granted without hesita- tion to the teachers of mankind in every aye and coun- try. Accordingly, the advocates of a different author- ship for the book in question than that of Solomon feel themselves at liberty to discard these statements of the text as mere…
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distinct confession and repentance. There are forms of satiety and self-reproach, of which this half sad, half scornful retrospect of a man's own life — this ut- terance of bitter words by which he is condemned out of his own mouth — is the most natural expression. Any individual judgment on this point cannot, from the…
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Many opponents of the Solomonic authorship of Ec- clesiastes have certainly gone much too far in their assertions respecting the impurity of its language. The Grsecisms which Zirkle thought that he had found have now generally been given up. The Kabbinisms likewise could not stand the proof. The words, signi- fications…
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ECCLESIASTES 30 ECCLESIASTES tions of Ezra; 'i'l'^"'^ (chap, i, 17, etc.), "p?" (ch. i, 13, etc.), yz^u (ell. X, 8). (4.) Other peculiarities, such as the frequent use of the participle, the rare appear- ance of the "frtj; consecutive," tlie various uses of the relative particle, concur with the characteristics al- …
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"Within the Christian Church, the divine inspiration of Ecclesiastes, the Proverbs, and the Song of Solomon was denied by Theodorus of Mopsucstia. In recent times, the accusers of Ecclesiastes have been August!, De Wette, and Knobel ; but their accusations are based on mere misunderstandings. Thej' are especially as fo…
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ticle ; and our author elsewhere asserts positively his belief in the doctrine of immortality (ch. xii, 7). How it happens that he did not give to this doctrine a ]irc- vailing influence upon his mode of treating his subject has lately been investigated by Heyder, in his essay entitled Eccksiaske de Immortalitate Animi…
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Leaving it an open question whether it is possible to arrange the contents of this book (as Kcister and Vaihinger have done) in a carefully balanced series of strophes and antistrophes, it is tolerably clear that the recurring burden of "Vanity of vanities" and the teaching which recommends a life of calm enjoy- ment, …
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The transition from this result to the opening thoughts of ch. iv seems at first somewhat abrujit. But the Preacher is retracing the patlis by wliich he had been actually led to a higher truth than that in which he had then rested, and he will not, for the sake of a formal continuity, smoctii over its ruggedness. The n…
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(IV.) Chap, viii, 16-xii, 8. After the pause implied in his again arriving at the lesson of v, 15, the Preach- er retraces the last of his many wanderings. Tliis time the thought with which he starts is a profound conviction of the inability of man to unravel the mysteries by which he is surrounded (viii, 17), of the n…
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V. Commentaries.— 'The following is a full list of sep- arate exegetical works on Ecclesiastes (the most im- portant are indicated b}^ an asterisk prefixed) : Olym- piodorus, Enarratio (in the Bibl. Max. xviii, 490 ; Grynajus, p. 953) ; Origen, Scholia (in Bibl. Pair. Gall' p. 14) ; Dionysius Alex. Commentaritis (in Op…
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c^hn, D. Buck Koheleth, etc. (Berlin, 1770, 8vo ; 1789, 4to ; tr. with notes b_y Preston, Cambr. 1845, 8vo) ; De Poix, D' Arras, and Do Paris, L' Ecdt'si iste, etc. (Par. 1771, 12mo) ; Anon. Traduct. et Notes (Par. 1771, 8vo); Moldeuhauer, Utbers. u. Erlixut. (Lpz. 1772, 8vo); Grotius, Aduotationes (Halle, 1777, 4to) ;…
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2. If (as it generallj^ is for convenience), on the other hand, the term Church be restricted to the Christian Church, then the field of Church history is limited to the development of the kingdom of God among men through and hy means of the Chris- tian Church. "Its proper starting-point is the incar- nation of the ete…
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Perhaps the best modern division is that of Schaff, who proposes nine periods, viz., three ancient, three viediaval, three modern, viz. : I. The Apostolic Church, A.D. 1-100. II. The Church persecuted as a sect, to Constantine, the first Christian emperor, A.D. 100-311. III. The Church in union with the Grasco-Roman em…
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Rohrbacher's Histoire Universelle de I'Eglise (Par. 1842 -48, vol. 29, 8vo; a continuation containing the Church history from 18G0-18CG, by J. Chantrel, Corbeil, 1867) is written from an ultramontane stand-point, and has not made sufficient use of the recent investigations. The best Roman Catholic manuals of Church his…
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Among the Englisli works we mention Slilner (t ViTi), History of the Ch. of Christ to the 16th cen- tury (revised edit. I)y Crantham, Lnnd. 18-17, 4 vols. 8vo). It has been continued by Dr. Stebbing, The I/ist.ofthe Church ofChnstfrom 1530 to the Eighteenth Centurij (Loudon, 1839 sq.,3 vols. 8vo), and a further continu…
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Is any form of Church polity divinely ordained? Perhaps the conclusion on this point most generally adopted at the present day is that, while certain fun- damental principles of Church government are laid down in the N. T., no specific form of polit}' is there enjoined. Comp. Matt, xx, 20-28, with Mark x, 35- 45, and M…
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ECCLESIASTICAL POLITY 40 ECCLESIASTICAL POLITY ble course ? Assuredly not, in the spirit in wliich he did it. The fundamental source of the mistake is here. The Christian Scriptures are a revelation of divine truth, and not a revelation of Church polity. The}' not only do not lay down the outline of such a polit}', bu…
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In the modern Church the Ecmanists and High Episcopalians claim divine right for their system of government. The Roman Catholic doctrine is thus stated (The Catechism of the Council of Trent, published by command of pope Pius V, Donovan's translation, Baltimore, n. d., 8vo) : " Sitting in that chair in which Peter the …
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The special forms of ecclesiastical polit}' adopted by the various churches will be found stated under the name of each Church in its alphabetical place in this CyclopcTedia. We onl}' note, in conclusion, one or two points in which all forms are concerned. 1. Synodical government (}\y councils, synods, as- semblies, c…
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II. Design and Method. — The object of this book is to propound the true nature of wisdom, and to set forth the religious and social duties which slie teaches us to follow tlirough all the varied stages and vicissitudes of this life, thus exhil)iting the practical end of man's existence Ijy reviewing life in all its di…
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t)otli with tbe plan of tlie book and the present de- ranged condition of its text will have prepared the reader for the assertions made by some that there is no unity at all in the composition of this book, and that it is, in fact, a compilation of divers national say- ings, from various sources, belonging to differen…
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The age of the book has been, and still is, a subject of great controversy. The life-like description of the high-priest Simon, contained in chap. 1, seems to indi- cate that the writer had seen this high functionary of- ficiate in the Temple ; but there were two high priests of the same name, viz. Simon, son of Onias,…
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VL The Greek and other Translations of this Booh. — The Greek translation incorporated in tlie Sept. was made by the grandson of the author (6 TraTfii-oQ ^lov 'lyrrovr), who tells us that he came from Palestine into Lgy]it in his thirty-eighth year, "in the roign of Euer- getis" (h' Tifj 6y()6i;j /o«i' Tf)taK0<TT<j) tr…
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CutiipL, Lat.^Sijr.,A.r. XXX, 25 m,7»/S5'. "A,B,C." xxxiii, 13, Xafitrpui Kapdia, K, t. \. xxxi, xxxii xxxiv, xxxv. xxxiii, 16, IT, >)7pi;7rvno-a xxxvi, 1-16. xxxiii, 10 sq. 0)9 KaXa/uLiiifj.ei'Ot. XXX, 25 Bq. xxxiv, XXXV xxxi, xxxii. xxxvi, 1-11, tpvXt'ii ']aKw/3 .... -xxxiii, 1-13. xxxvi, 12 gq. Kill KaTeKXnpof…
1,055 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.