The northern Ecbatana continued to be an impor- tant place down to the 13th century after Christ. By the Greeks and Romans it appears to have been knowni as Gaza, Gazaca, or Canzaca, "the treasure city," on account of the wealth laid up in it, while by the Ori- entals it was termed Shiz. Its decay is referable to the Mogul conquests, cir. A.D. 1200 ; and its final ruin is supposed to date from about the 15th or IGth cen- tury (^As. Soc. Jnurn. x, pt. i, 49).
In the 2d book of Maccabees (ix, 3, etc.), the Ecba- tana mentioned is undoubtedly the southern city, now represented both in name and site by Ilamadmi. This place, situated on the northern flank of the great mountain called formerly Orontes, and now Elwend, was perhaps as ancient as the other, and is far better known in history. If not the iMedian capital of Cyrus, it was, at any rate, regarded from the time of Darius Hystaspis as the chief city of the Persian snirapij of Media, and as such it became the summer residence of the Persian kings from Darius downwards. It was occupied by Alexander soon after the battle of Arbela (Arrian, £37;. Alex, iii, 19), and at his decease passed under the dominion of the Seleucidoe. In the wars between his successors it was more than once taken and retaken, eacli time sufl'ering largely at the hands of its conquerors (Polyb. x, 2T). It was afterwards recognised as the metropolis of their empire by tlie Parthians (Oros. vi, 4). During the Arabian period, from the rise of Bagdad on the one hand and of Ispa- han on the other, it sank into comparative insignifi- cance ; but still it has never descended below the rank
ECCARD
26
ECCLESIASTES
of a provincial capital, and even in the present de- pressed condition of Persia it is a cit}^ of from 20,000 to oO,OOU inliabitants. Tlie Jews, curiously enougli, regard it as the residence of Ahasucrus (Xerxes ?) — wliicli is in Scripture declared to be Susa (Estli. i, 2 ; ii, 3, etc) — and show within its precincts the tonilis of Estlier and Mordecai (Ker I'orter, ii, 105-110). It is not distinguished by any remarkable peculiarities from other Oriental cities of the same size.
The Ecbatana of the book of Tobit is thought by Sir H. Kawlinson to be the norlhern city (see As. Soc. Jmirn. X, i, 137-141). — Smith, s. v. See Aciijietha.
Eccard. See Eckhard.
Ecce Homo, a name given in art to pictures rep- resenting the suffering Saviour as described in John xix, 5: "Then came Jesus forth, wearing the crown of thorns, and the purple robe. And Pilate saith unto them, Behold the man !" It is a comparatively recent subject in art, dating from the 15th century. There are two forms of it, viz. the devotional picture, which offers the single head, or half-figure of Christ, to our contemplation, as the "Man of Sorrows" of the Pas- sion, and the more or less historical jncture, which ei- ther places him before us attended b}' Pilate and one or more attendants, or gives the full scene in numer- ous figures. For an account of them, see Jamieson, Ilistorij of our Lord in Ai-f, ii, 92 sq.
Ecchellensis or Echellensis, Abraham, a Maronite scliolar, was born at Eckel, Syria, and was educated in Rome, where he afterwards taught the S^'riac and Arabic languages. In 1G30 he was called to Paris to assist in the preparation of the great Poly- glot Bible of Le Jay. For this work Ecchellensis fur- nislied Ruth in Syriac and Arabic, with a Latin trans- lation, and the 3d book of Maccabees in Arabic. He undertook also the revision of the Syriac and Arabic texts, and the Latin versions contributed by Gabriel Sionita. He returned again to Ron^e to fill the chair of Oriental languages offered him in that city, and died there in 1GG4. Ecchellensis's writings are numerous ; among tlie most important are, Linguct Syriacx sive Chaldaicm perhrevis Inslitutio (Rome, 1G28, 4to) : — Sij- nopsis propodlorum sapieniice Arahim inscnpta speculum munduia rejincsenians, ex arabico sermone latini juris facta (Par. 1G41, 4to) : — Sancti Antonii Magni Ep'tstohe viffinti (Par. 1641, 8vo) : — Concilii Nicwni Prafatio, etc. (Par. 1645, 8vo) : — Sancti Antonii Muijni ReguliE, ser- mones, documenta, admonitiones, responsiones, et vita duplex (Paris, 1G4G, Svo) : — Semita Sapientiie, sive ad scieiitias comparandas methodus (Paris, 1 64G) : — De Pro- prietatibus et virtutibiis medicis animalium, plantarum ac gemmarum^ ti-actatus triplex Ilabdarrahman (Paris, 1647, Svo) : — Chronicon orientale nunc primum latiniliite donatum cui accesdt supplementum IJisforire oriintalis (Par. 1G53, fol.): — Catahgus libroncm Ch'ild eoriim, torn ecclesiasticorum quamprofanorum, auctore I/abed-Jcsu (Rome, 1653, Svo), with notes : — Concordantia nationum christianarum orientalium in fidei catkoliccB dogmate (Mayence, 1G55, Svo). In this book he seeks to har- monize the sentiments of tlie Orientals witli those of the Roman Church. Leo Allatius assisted liim in his work. De Or'gine nominis Papcp, . . . adeo de ejus pri- matti, etc. (Rome, 1()(J0), and £ufi/chius vindicatus sive liesponsio ad Sddeni Origines (Rome, 1661, 4to), were works written in the controversj' against the Protes- tants.— Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Ghiirale, v, G21.
Ecclesia. See Church.
Ecclesiae Donius. See Domus.
Ecclesiee Seniores. See Skniores.
Eccle'siastes, the fourth of the poetical books in the English arrangement of the O. T., and one of those usually attril)Uted to Solomon. In the Heb. Bil)le it is the seventh and last of the first jjart of tlie -llagio- graphi, C^SIPS, or fourth division of the Jewish Scriptures. In the Sept. and Vulg. it is placed be-