of the pulpit ; of the hour-glass stand, by which the preacher was warned not to weary tlie patience of the flock ; of the reading pew ; of the benches, pews, and galleries ; of the aisles ; of the shrine, fertour, or reli- quary ; of tlie benatura, or holy-water stoup ; of the corbels, with special reference to the head-dress figured on them ; of the pavement ; of the belfry ; of the Ijap- tismal font, with its accessories, the baptistery', the steps, the kneeling-stone, the chrismatory, the cover, and the desk ; of the tower, with its lantern, parapet, pinnacles, louvres, windows, buttresses, and bells ; of the porch and doors, witli their niches and seats ; of the parvise, or priest's chamber, above the porch ; of the mouldings ; of tlie pinnacle crosses ; of the gur- goyles, or rain-spouts ; of the church-yard or village cross ; of the church-j-ard yew ; of the lych-gate, or corpse-gate, where the corpse was met bj' the priest ; of the crj'pt ; of the confessional ; of the hagioscope, or opening in the chancel arch through which the ele- vation of the host might be seen ; of the lychnoscope, or low window in the side wall of the chancel, the use of which is uncertain; of the chest for alms; of the table of the ten commandments ; of the church plate ; of the faldstool, or litany stool , of the embroidered work ; of the images of saints ; of the church well ; of the sepulchral monuments and brasses, with their in- scriptions ; of tlie chapels or sacristies ; of the vestry; of the dedication crosses. Ecclesiology has a litera- ture of its own, including a monthly journal, called The Ecclesiologist. There are societies for promoting its studj"^, one of which, ' The Ecclesiological, late Cambridge Camden Society,' has published A Hand- book of English Ecclesiology (Lond. 1847)." — Chambers, Encyclopcedia, s. v.
Ecdippa. See Achzib.
Echard, Jacques, a learned Dominican, was born at Rouen September 22, 1G44, and died at Paris March 15, 1724. He published »S'. Thomm Summa sua autori vindicata, sive de V. F. Vincentii Bellovacensis sc)-ij}tis dissertatio, in qua quid de speculo morali seiitien- dum apeiitur (1708, 8vo). He has contributed to illus- trate his order by the " Librarj' of Dominican Writers" (^Scriptores ordinis Pnvdicatorum recens. notisque illus- trati, inckoavit J. Quetif, absolrit J. Echard [Par. 1719- 21, 2 vols, fol.]), which is held in high esteem by all bibliographers. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biogr. Gmer. xv, G23.
Echard, La^wrence, A.M., archdeacon of Stowe, was born in Suffolk about 1671, and was educated afc Christ's College, Cambridge. He was presented to the livings of Welton and Elkinton, Lincolnshire, and was made archdeacon of Stowe and prebendary of Lincoln in 1712. He died in 1730. \\\\vi& History of England, written on High-Church principles, he relates facts with perspicuity ; and the work is rendered en- tertaining bj' short characters of the most eminent lit- erary men in the different periods of historj'. At pres- ent his writings are little valued. His chief works are, (1) A general Ecclesiastical History, from the A^a- tivity of our Saviour to the first Establishment of Chris^ tianity by human Imics tinder Constantine (Lond. 1722, 2 vols. 8vo, 6th edit.): — (2) The Roman History, from the building of the City to the remor-al (f the imperial Seat by Constantine the Great (Lond. 1707, 4 vols. 8vo) : — (3) The History of England to the end of the Revolution (Lond. 1707-18, 3 vols. fob). — Allibone, Dictionary of A uthors, i, 540 ; Kippis, Biographia Britannica, v, 552.
Eck or Eckius, Johannks (Johann Jfayr ron Ech), one of the most capable and violent of Lutlier's opponents, was born in Suabia, Nov. 13, I486, the son of ii peasant. He was educated at Heidelberg and Tubingen, and in 151G was made professor and vice- chancellor at Ingolstadt. His intense ambition for literary f;ime stimulated him to unwearied activity and industry. In 1512 he was made vice-chancellor of the University of Ingolstadt. In 1514 he published Cen- turice vi de Prmlestinatione ; and lectured and wrote
ECK
47
ECK
on all sorts of subjects from 1514 to 1518. Ranke de- scribes him as follows : " Eck was one of the most em- inent scholars or his time, a reputation which he had spared no pains to acquire. He had visited the most celebrated professors in various universities : tlie Tho- niist Siistern at Cologne, the Scotists Sumenhard and Scriptoris at Tiibingen ; he had attended the law lec- tures of Zasius in Freiburg, those on Greek of lleuch- lin, on Latin of Bebel, on cosmography of Keusch. In his twentieth j'ear he began to write and to lecture at Ingolstadt upon Occam and Bid's canon law, on Aris- totle's dialectics and physics, the most difficult doc- trines of dogmatic theology, and the subtleties of nom- inalistic morality ; he then proceeded to the study of the mystics, whose most curious works had just fallen into his hands : he set himself, as he says, to establish the connection between their doctrines and the Orphi- coplatonic philosophy, the sources of which are to be sought in Egypt and Arabia, and to discuss the whole in five parts (^Eckii Epistola de ralione studiorum suo- rum, in Strobel, Mi. sec /lane a, iii, 07). He was one of those learned men who held that the great questions which had occupied men"s minds were essentialU' set- tled ; who worked exclusively with the analytical fac- ult}' and the memory ; who were alwaj's on the watch to appropriate to themselves a new subject with which to excite attention, to get advancement, and to secure a life of ease and enjoj^iient. His strongest taste was for disputation, in which he had made a brilliant figure in all the universities we have mentioned, as well as in Heidelberg, Mainz, and Basle : at Freiburg he had early presided over a class (the Bursa zum Pfauen) where the chief business was practice in disputation ; he then took long journeys — for example, to Vienna and Bologna — expressly to dispute there. It is most amusing to see in his letters the satisfaction with which he speaks of his Italian journey : how he was encouraged to undertake it by a papal nuncio ; how, before his departure, he was visited by the young niarkgrave of Brandenburg ; the very honorable re- ception he experienced on his way. in Italy as well as in German}', from both spiritual and temporal lords, ■who invited him to their tables ; how, when certain young men had ventured to contradict him at one of thsse dinners, he had confuted them with the utmost case, and left them filled with astonishment and ad- miration ; and lastlj', how, in spite of manifold opposi- tion, he had at last Ijrought the most learned of the learned in Bologna to subscribe to his maxims" (Kied- erer, Nackricfiten, iii, 47).