Edzardi, Johami Esra, a German historian, brother of the distingui'^hed Hebraist Georg Eliezcr, was born at Ilaml)urg June 23,1662. He studied at his own native place, at Giessen, and at the leading universities of Germany and Switzerland. He was for a time an instructor at Rostock, and on his return to Hamburg was called to London to preside as pastor over the evangelical Church of the Holy Trinity. He died Nov. 15, 1713. Besides a Funeral Oration to Queen Mary, he left in IMS. a History of the Church of England. —Hoefer, Nouv. Biogr. Ginir. xv, 693. (J. H. W.)
Edzardi, Sebastian, youngest son of Esra, was born at Hamburg August 1. 1673. When only eight- een years ol<l he went to Holland and England, and soon after entered the University of Wittenberg,
EFFECTUAL CALLING
Tl
EGEDE
•where he receivedhis M.A. degree in 1G95. He then entered upon the study of theology, but in 1696 was ap- pointed professor of logic and metaphysics at the Ham- burg Gymnasium. He was a man of vast learning, but his zeal for the Lutherans and his hatred of the lieformed, whom he believed insincere in their profes- sions, engaged him in long and violent controversies. The kin^ of Prussia, Friedrich I (in 1705), ordered five of Edzardi's dissertations written against the Reform- ed to lie burned at Berlin by the hand of the sheriff (Wakh, Ketzer-IIistorie, i, bV2 sq. ; iii, 1087 sq.). But this punishment was of no avail with Edzardi. He even went so far as to impeach the character of the Univers- ity of Halle, which he called Ilvllt (Tartarus). After the death of his father he aided his brother Georg Eli- eser in his efforts for the conversion of the Jews. He died June 10, 1736. A complete catalogue of his nu- merous polemical writings may be found in Thiessen, Versiich e. Gelehrt. Gesch. von llumhurg, Th. i, 139-154, and in JloUer's Cimbria Likraia, i, 1-17-151. His lead- ing dissertations against a union with the Reformed were, Dis.-!€rtat. de uniune cum Reforniatis hudiernis fu- ()ienda (Ilamb. 1703, 4to) : — Diatr. de cans, unionis a CalvinUnds quasitce (Hamb. 1704, 4to) : — Pelagianismits Calvinianorum commonstratus (Hamb. [Viteb.] 1705, 4to) : — ManicJutismus Calvinianor. commonstratus, una cum conseclario : nullum esse eccl. c. Calvin, unioni locum (Hamb. 1705, 4to). — Hoefer, Nouv. Biogr. Gmi>.r. xv, G94 ; Fuhrniann, Handu-orterb. d. Kirchevgesch. i, 672 ; Aschliach, Allgcm. Kirchen-Lexikun, ii, 495 ; Schrcickh, Kirchetigcschichte s. d. lief arm. viii, 231, 232; Griisse, Allgein. Literdrgeschlchie, vi, 88G. (J. H. ^^'.)
Effectual Calling. See Call.
Effectual Prayer is the rendering of an expres- sion wliich occurs James v, 16 : "The effectual fervent {tvipyoi'i^iei'ii^ praj'er of a righteous man availeth much." The verb tvepyfuj (the root of the English en- ergjf), thus translated, signifies to work in, produce, effect (intransitivel}% Matt, xiv, 2 ; Mark vi, 15 ; or transitively, 1 Cor. xii, 6; Gal. iii, 5; Ephes. i, 11; Phil, ii, 13; or in the "middle voice," Rom. vii, 5; 2 Cor. i, 6; iv, 12; Gal. v, G; Ephes. iii, 20; Col. i, 29; 1 Thess. ii, 13; 2 Thess. ii, 7). The participle here, if regarded as used in a neuter sense, adjectiveh', would signify operative, effective, and such is the interjjreta- tion of most commentators (see Wolfii Curie, in loc, for the views and discussions of the older writers) ; but this produces a tautology with the context (?roXt' /(TYi''f(, " availeth much"), which all efforts have failed to remove (such as that of IVIeyer, who renders adverb- ially, "The prayer of a righteous man avails much, iji that it irorks [indem es wirkt]," i. e. in its efficiency (so xMford, in loc). It is better (with Vatabhis, Ham- mond, Whitliy, ]\Iacknight. Doddridge, and Clarke, to regard it as passive, in its literal sense, imcronght, im- plying both earnest unction and divine influence, not full inspiration (although the example of Elijah ad- duced in the following verse would almost warrant tliat), but such an afflatus as accompanies the suppli- cations of the believing suppliant. See Prayee.
Efficacious Grace. See Grace ; Jansenism.
Effrontes, an obscure Transylvanian sect of the sixteenth eenturj-, who not only denied the Holy Ghost, liut, among other fooleries, cut their foreheads and anointed them with oil as a mode of initiation. Hence their name "ar/jwzs" — out of the brow (Eadie, Evrl. Cijchip. s. v.).
Effusion OF THE Holy- Spirit. See Pentecost.
Egbert or Ecbert, archbishop of York, was a brother of Eadbert, king of Northumberland, and a pupil, and later a friend, of Beda. As teacher at the cathedral school of York, he became celebrated for ex- tensive knowledge and for his Christian character. Among those who were educated at this school were Alcuin and Aelbert. He became bishop of York in
731, and soon after, in 735, York was made an arch- bishopric, with metropolitan power over all bishoprics north of the river Humber. Even as bishop and arch- bishop he continued to give instruction at the cathe- dral school. He founded a library at York wliich gained great reputation, but was destroyed by fire in the reign of Stephen. He died in 767, leaving a Dia- logus de Ecclesiaslica Institulione (Dublin, 1664 ; Lond. 1693; also in Galland's BM. Putr. xiii, 2G6), and a collection of canonical prescriptions, De jure sacerdo- tali, of which only a few fragments are extant (Mansi, xii, fol. 411-431). The treatise De Remedlis peceatorum (Mansi, xii, 489) is probably an extract from the work just named by some other writers. Some penitential books have also been ascribed to Egbert, but falsely. — Mosheim, Ch. Hist, ii, 15; Collier, Eccl. Hist, of Eng~ land, vol. i ; Wright, Biog. Brit. Lit. Anglo-Saxon Pe- riod, p. 297 ; Herzog, Beal-Encykl. iii, 658 ; Hoefer, Bi- ograjyhic Generale, xv, 700.