XXIII. Prophecies. — It would not be within the province of this article to enter upon a general con- sideration of the projihecies relating to Egypt ; we must, however, draw the reader's attention to their remarkable fulfilment. The visitor to the country needs not to be reminded of them ; everywhere he is struck by the precision with which the}' have come to pass. AVe have alreadj' spoken of the jihysical changes which have verified to the letter the words of Isaiah. In like manner we recognise, for instance, in the singular disappearance of the citj' of ^Memphis and its temples in a country where several primeval towns j'et stand, and scarce any ancient site is un- marked bj' temples, the fulfilment of the words of Jer- emiah : '• Noph shall be waste and desolate without an inhabitant" (xlvi, 19), and those of Ezekiel, "Thus saith the Lord God, I will also destroy the idols, and I will cause [their] images to cease out of Noph" (xxx, 13).
The principal passages relating to Egypt are as fol- lows : Isa. xix ; Jei". xliii, 8-13 ; xliv, 30 ; xlvi ; Ezek. xxix-xxxii, inclusive. In the course of what has been said, several allusions have been made to portions of these propliecies; ami it maj' here be observed that the main reference in them seems to be to the period extending from tiie times of Nebuchadnezzar to those of the Persians, though it is not easy to elucidate th.cm to any great extent from the history furnished bv the monuments. Nebuchadnezzar appears to have in- vaded Egypt during the reign of Aprics, and Sir G. Wilkinson thinks that the story of Amasis's rebellion was invented or used to conceal the fact that Pharaoh- Hophia was deposed b}' the Babylonians. It is not improbable that Amasis came to the throne by their intervention. The forty years' desolation of Egypt (Ezek. xxix, 10) is a point of great difficulty, owing chiefly to the statements of Herodotus (ii, 101, 177) as to the unexampled prosperity of the reigns of Apries and Amasis (B.C. 5^'8~2.5), during which the jieriod in question must have fallen. That the Greek historian was mi.'led bj' tiie accounts of the E!gyptian priests, who wished to conceal the extent of the national hu- miliation by Nebuciiadnezzar and Caml>yses, is made evident liy Browne (Ordo ScEcloiinn, p. 191 sq.), who thus arranges the events: "Soon after B.C. o72, Nebuchadnezzar invades Egypt, conquers Apries, and puts him to dcatli, and carries off the spoil of Egypt, together with its chief men, to some other part of his dominions : Amasis is appointed his viceroy. Cyrus,
EGYPT
105
EGYPT, CHRISTIAN
about B.C. 532, 'turns the captivitj-^ of Egypt,' as he had before done that of the Jews. On his death Ama- sis revolts, and Cambj'ses invades and fully subju- gates all E:,'ypt, B.C. 525." See Ezekiel.
XXIV. Literature. — For a very full classified list of works on Egypt, see Jolowicz's Bihliotheca ^Egyptiaca (Lpz. 1858, 8vo), with the Supplement thereto (ib. 18G1). The following are the most useful, excepting such as relate to the modem historj'. On Egypt generally : Description de V E'gypte (iA ed. Par. 18"21-9) ; Encyclo- pwdia Britannica (8th edit. art. Egj'pt). Description, Productions, and Topography : Abd-Allatif,i?e/a/zo/i de V E'gypte (ed. Silvestre do Sacy, Par. 1810); D'Anville, llhnoires sur I' E'gypte (Par. 17GG) ; Belzoni, Narrative of Operations (London, 1820) ; Brugsch, Geographisclie Inschriften d. alt-agyptisclienDenkmi'der (Lpz. 1857); Id. Jieiseberichte aus yEgypien (ib. 1855) ; Champollion le Jeune, L^ E'gypte sous les Pharaons (Par. 1814) ; Id. Let- tres ecrites pendant son Voyage en E'gypte (2d edit. Par. 1833) ; Ehrenberg and Hemprich, Nafurgeschichtliche Reisen — Reisen in ^Egypten, etc. (Lpz. 1S28) ; Symbolm Fhysicce (ib. 1829-1845) ; Forskiil, Descriptiones anima- liuin, etc. (Hafn. 1775-6) ; Id. Flora yEgyptiaco-arabica (ib. 1775) ; Harris, Hleroglyphical Standards (London, 1852) ; Linant de Bellefonds, Memoire sur le lac de Ma- rls (Paris, 1843) ; Quatremere, Memoires Geographiques et Ilistoriques (Paris, 1811); Russegger, Reisen (Lpz. 1841-8) ; Vj'se and Perring, Pyramids of Gizeh (Lond. 1839-42); Perring, 58 Large ]'ie-irs, etc., of the Pyra- mids nf Gizeh (Lond. 1841) ; "Wilkinson, Modern Egypt and Thebes (Lond. 1843) ; Id. Hand-book for Egypt ^^2d edit. Lond. 1858) ; Id. Survey of Thebes (plan) ; Id. on the Eastern Desert (in the Jour. Geogr. Sac. ii, 1832, p. 28 sq.) ; Hartmann, Naturgesch. der Nilliinder (Lpz. 1865) ; Krenier, ^Egypten (modern, Lpz. 1863) ; Parthey, Erdk. des alien yEgyptens (ib. 1859) ; Pethorick, Egypt, etc. (Lond. 1861). Monuments and Inscriptions : Cham- pollion le Jeune, Monuments (Paris, 1829-47) ; Id. No- tices descriptives (ib. 1844) ; Gliddon, J^ectures (N. Y. 1843) ; Lepsius, Denkmdler (Lpz. 1849 sq.) ; Letronnc, Recueil des inscriptions grecques tt latines d'' E2'gypte (Par. 1842); Rosellini, Monumenti (Pisa, 1832^4); Dumi- chen, Altcigypt. Inschriften(}\\ three series, Lpz. 1865-8) ; Brugsch, Recueil de Monuments E gyptiens (Par. 1862- 63); LQemans, Monuments E'gyptie7is (ih. 1866); Rhind, TAt-6e.t, etc. (Lond. 1862). Language: Brugsch, Gram- maire Demotique (Berl. 1855); Id. Hierog.-Demot. Wor- terb. (Berl. 1867) ; Id. Zwei bilingue Papyri (ib. 1865) ; Birch, Dictionary of Hieroglyphics (in Bunsen, vol. v) ; Champollion le Jeune, Grammaire E'gyptienne (Paris, 1836-41) ; Dictionna'ire E'gyptien (il). 1841) ; Encyclop. Brit. (8th edit. art. Hieroglyphics) ; Parthej', Vocabula- rium Coptico-Latinum, etc. (Berl. 1844) ; Pe_yron,6'ra»t- matica Unguce Copticce. (Turin, 1841) ; Id. Lexicon (ib. 1835); '^iA\\yArtze,D:is Alte Aegyptten{hiiZ.19'iS). An- cient Chronology, Historj^, and Planners : Bunsen, Egypt's Place (London, 1850-59); Cory, Ancient Frag- ments (2d edit. Lond. 1832) ; Herodotus (ed. Rawlinson, vols, i-iii, Lond. and N. Y. 1861) ; Hengstenberg, Egyjyt and the Books of Moses (Lond. 1843) ; Ideler, Hnndlnirh der Chronologie (Lpz. 1825) ; Lepsius, Chronologic der Aegypter (vol. i, Lpz. 1849) ; Id. Konigsbuch der alien Aegypter (ib. 1858); Poole, Horm yEgyptiacre (Lond. 1851) ; Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians (ib. 1837, 1841); Id. Popular Account of the Ancient EgyjHians (Lond. and N. Y. 1855); Kenrick, Hgypt under the Pharaohs (Lond. and N. Y. 1852) ; Os- Lurn, Monumental History (Lond. 1854) ; Sharpe, Hist, of Egypt (Lond. 1846); Brugsch, Histoire de V E'gypte (Paris, 1859 sq.) ; Hincks, Years of the Egyptians (Lon- don, 1865); Lauth, Der Dynast. 3faneiho's (Leipzig, 1865) ; Unger, Chronologie des Manetho (Berlin, 1867). Ancient Religion: Herodotus; Diodorus of Sicilj-; Plu- tarch ; Poi-phjTj' ; lamblichus, etc. ; Jablonski, Pa7i- theon (egypt. (Frankf. 1750-52, 3 vols.) ; Schmidt, De sacerdot. el sacrifciis yEgyptiorum (Ttib. 1786); Hirt, Z7. d. B'ddung d. dgyptischen Gottheiten (1821) ; Cham-