for a history of Ethiopia. In these days Nubia seems to have been thoroughly Egyptianized as far as be- yond the Second Cataract, but we have no indication of the existence at that time in Ethiopia of anj' race but the Egj'ptian. We find an allusion to the negroes in the time lietween the 12th dynasty and the 18th, in the name of a king of that jwriod, which reads Ka?- Neiisi, or "the Sun? of the Negroes," rather than "the Negro Sun?" (Turin Papyrus of Kings, ap. Lep- sius Kdnigshiich, pi. xviii, 197 ; xix, 278). The word Nehsi is the constant designation of the negro race in hieroglyphics.
Before passing to the beginning of the 18th dynas- ty, wlien the Egyptian empire definitel}' commenced [see Eciypt], we may notice two possible references to the Ethiopians in connection with the Exodus, an event which probably occurred at an early period of that empire. In Isa. xliii, which, though relating to the future, also speaks of the past, and especially men- tions or alludes to the passage of the Red Sea (see par- ticularly ver. IG, 17), Ethiopia is thus apparentlj' con- nected with the Exodus : " I gave Egypt [for] thy ransom, Ethiopia and Seba for thee" (ver. 3). It can scarcel}' be supposed that this is an emphatic relation of future events, and it is difficult to connect it with an}' other known past event, as the conquest of Egypt by Sennacherib, which may have already occurred. If this passage refer to the Exodus, it would seem to favor the idea that the Israelites went out during the empire, for then Ethiopia was ruled by Egypt, and would have been injured by the calamities that befel that country. In Amos there is a passage that may possibly connect the Ethiopians with the Exodus: "[Are] ye not as children of the Ethiopians inito me, 0 children of Israel? saith the Lord. Have not I brought up Israel out of the land of Egypt ? and the Philistines from Cajihtor, and the Syrians from Kir?" (ix, 7). But the meaning may be that the Israelites were no better than the idolatrous people of Cush.
At the beginning of the 18th dynasty we find the Egyptians making expeditions into Ethiopia, no doubt into its farther regions, and bringing back slaves. At this time the Egyptians seem to have intermarried with people of Ethiopia, probably of the intermediate race, darker than the Egyptians, but not of the negro race. One of the wives of Aiihmes, or Amosis, the first king of the 18th dynasty, is represented as black, though not with negro features. A later sovereign of the same dynasty, Amenoph III, is seen by his stat- ues to have been partly Ethiopian, and this may have been one cause of his identification by the Greeks with Memnon. During this and the dynasty which suc- ceeded it, the 19th, we have no proof that the regu- larly-governed Egyptian dominions extended beyond Napata, but it is probable that they reached a little lie- yond the junction of the White and Blue Niles. There can be no doubt that Ethiopia remained subject to Egypt as late as the reign of Kamcses VI, soon after whom the proper Egyptian empire may be said to have closed, having lasted three centuries from the begin- ning of the 18th dynasty. Under that empire, Ethio- pia, or at least the civilized portion, was ruled by a gov- ernor, who bore the title Suten-sa-en-kish, "Prince," literally "Royal son," "of Cush," etc. The office does not seem to have been hereditary at any time, nor is it known to have been held by a son of the reigning king, or any memlier of the royal famil}\
After the reign of Rameses VI, the feebleness of the later Theban kings may have led to the loss of Ethio- pia, and we know that in Solomon's time there M'as a kingdom of Seba. Shishak, the first king of the 22d dynasty, probably made Ethiopia tributary. When this king, tlie Slieshonk I of the monuments, invaded the kingdom of J.udah, he had in his army "the Lu- bim, the Sukkiim, and the Cushini" (2 Chron. xii, 13). The Lul)im are a people of Northern Africa, near Egypt, and the Sukkiim are of doubtful place. The
ETHIOPIA
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indications are of an extensive dominion in Africa ; for. though the Lubiin and Sukkiim may have been morcenaries, it is unlikely that the Cushim were also. There can be no doubt that Shishak was a powerful kin", espeeiallj' as he was strong enough to invade Ju- d.il), and it is th.Tefore probable that he restored the induance of the Egyptians in Ethiopia. See Shishak. Zerah the Ethiopian, on account of his army being of Cushim and Lubim, and thus, as well as in consisting of chariots, horsemen, and foot, of like composition with that of Shishak (2 Chron. xvi, 8 ; xiv, 9, 12, 13 ; xii, 2, 3), seems certainly to have been either a king of this dynasty, or else a general of such a king. In the for- mer case he would probably correspond to Osorkon II. The names Osorkon and Zerah seem very remote, bnt it must be remembered that Egyptian words tran- scribed in Hebrew are often much changed, and that in this case it is probable that l)Oth Egyptian and He- brew forms, if they be two orthographical representa- tions of one word, come from a third source. The style '-Zerah the Cushite" is unlike that applied to kings of Eg3'pt who were foreigners, or of foreign ex- traction, as in the cases of " So, king of E.,'ypt," and "Shishak, king of Egj^pt." On this account, and es- pecially from the omission of the word king, or any royal appellation, though we cannot infer positively from the few instances in Scripture, Zerah may be rather supposed to have been a general, but the arm}'' that he commanded must, from the resemblance of its composition to that of Shishak's, have been that of a king of the same line. Mr. Kenrick rather too hastily remarks as to the term Cushite, that "no king of the Bubastite [22d] dynastj' could h ive been so designa- tsd," and is at some pains to explain what he consid- ers to be a mistake (^Ancient Eg;ij)t, ii, 297 sq.). It is recorded that Asa had an army of 580,000, and that Zerah the Ethiopian came against him with 1,000,000, and 300 chariots. These high numbers have been olj- jected to ; but the history of our times shows that war upon this large scale is not alone possible to great kingdoms, but also to states of no very large popula- tion which put forth their whole strength. It is to be noticed that Asa was evidently struck by the great- nass of the hostile army, to which the prophet Hanani alludes, reproving him at a later time (2 Chron. xvi, 8). See Number. Asa encountered Zerah "in the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah," and, praj'ing for God's aid against this huge army, it was put to the rout, and he pursued it to Gerar, and smote all the cities round Gerar, which seem to have been in alli- ance with the invaders, and took much spoil from the cities, and also smote the tents of cattle, from which he took many sheep and camels (xiv, 8-15). This great overtlu'ow maj' have been a main cause of the decline of the power of the 22d dynasty, which proba- bly owed its importance to the successes of Shishak. See Zerah.