self, but to the quality of the relation, as the Talmiidic !lD"w"'il, Nri2"2"'il denotes the confiding faith (com- pare Levy, Chald. Worterbuch). Paul, in citing Hab. ii, 4, changes the order of the words from that in the Sept. to 6 di liKaioQ Ik TricrTHOQ i^ijaerai (Rom. i, 17 ; comp. Delitzsch, IlabaJc. j). 50-53 ; Keil, Kk-ine I'ropjh. in loc). So, then, we find laid in the O. T. the ground for the N.-T. doctrine of faith as complete confidence, trust; and this, too, combined with a conviction amounting to a recognition of the invisible (compare Heb. xi, 1).
Conviction combined M'ith trust, as opposed to doubt, so far as the intellect is concerned, and as op- posed to fear, so far as the heart is concerned —these appear, so far, to be the essential elements of faith (comp. Matt, xxi, 21 ; Jas. i, 6; Heb. x, 39 ; Mark iv, 40 ; Heb. vi, 12 ; Rev. xiii, 10).
2. We find ttiotic seemingly used, especially in the Sj'noptical Gospels, with regard to the relation of in- dividuals to the Lord, to designate special acts of con- fidence (Matt, viii, 10 ; ix, 2, 22; Luke, vii, 9, 50 ; viii, 48 ; xvii, 19, xviii, 42 ; Mark v, 34 ; x, 52 ; comp. Matt. XV, 28). But the Synoptists also use the word to de- note (not simply special and single exertions of belief, but also) full trust in Christ, and in the divine revela- tion in him (Luke xviii, 8 ; comp. Matt, viii, 10 ; Luke viii, 25; Mark iv, 40 ; Luke xxii, 32; xvii, 5; Matt, xvii, 20 ; xxi, 21). Compared with this (and Paul points out the contrast emphatically), the O.-T. revela- tion was an education for faith (Gal. iii, 23-26: "But before faith came, we were kept under the law, shut up unto the faith which should afterwards be revealed. Wherefore the law was our schoolmaster to Ijring us unto Christ, that we might be justified by faith. But after that faith is come, we are no longer under a schoolmaster. For ye are all the children of God by faith in Christ Jesus ;" comp. Rom. xi, 32 ; Acts xvii, 31). But it is to be fully understood also that the epistle to the Hebrews makes faith the means of hold- ing to the God of revelation, in the sphere of the entire economy of redemption — in the 0. T. as well as the N. T. (Heb. xi). In the Acts faith seems to be used as more particularly characteristic of the sphere of the N.-T. revelation (Acts vi, 7; compare Rom. i, 5; xvi, 26 ; Acts xiii, 8 ; xvii, 31 ; Gal. i, 23). In Paul's epis- tles, while the O.-T. faith is clearly recognised (e. g. with reference to Abraham, and the citation of Hab. ii, 4), nevertheless, the prevailing O.-T. tinlelief is es- pecially emphasized (e. g. Rom. xi, 32); and the con- trast between law and gospel (Gal. iii, 12 sq.) brings out clearl}' the chief element of N.-T. faith as uncon- ditional trust.
The promise, as the correlate of the Gospiel, is the N.-T. element of the O.-T. economj', and demands faith (Gal. iii, 22 ; compare iv, 21 sq.), but the absence of a (TTripiia (p tTri'iyytXrai (seed to whom the ])romise was made. Gal. iii, 19) made necessary the interposi- tion of the law; not a I'opoQ TriaTiojc (law of faith), but ffiywj' (of works), which, by manifesting sin, was an educator into faith (Rom. iii, 19 ; Gal. iii, 22, 23). This throws light upon the contrast of iriariQ and ipya — X"P't' ^'^^ 6(pii\T]pa — or TriariQ and vopoQ (Gal. iii, 23; also Rom. iii, 27, 28; comp. iv, 2, 5; ix, 32; Gal. ii, 16; iii, 2, 5; comp. iii, 12; Eph. ii, 8; and in con- trast to vopoQ, Rom. iv, 13, 14, IG ; ix, 30 ; Gal. iii, 11, 12, 23-25). This contrast, it will be observed, is only in- troduced by Paul in passages in which he is expressly pointing out the difference between the O.-T. economy of salvation and that of the N. T.
3. The following classification of the passages in which the word ttkitiq occurs will be found useful : (1.) It is used u-lth reference to an object, Heb. vi, 1 ; 1 Tliess. i, 8; Mark xi, 22; 2 Thess. ii, 13; Colos. ii, 12; PhiL i, 27 ; Acts xxiv, 24 ; xxvi, 18 ; Colos. ii, 5 ; Acts xx, 21; comp. Philem. 5; 1 Tim. iii, 13; Gal. iii, 26; Ephes. i, 15 ; 2 Tim. iii, 15 ; Rom. iii, 25 ; with the obj.-genit.r
FAITH
454
FAITH
Rom. iii, 22; Gal. ii, 16; iii, 22; Ephes. iii, 12 ; Phil, iii, 9; Gal. ii, 20; Acts iii, 10 ; Jas. ii, ] ; Kcv. ii, 13 ; xiv, 12; with Tit. i, 1, compare Rev. xvii, 14. (2.) Wil/iout nearer definition, simply as faith, which ad- heres with full conviction and conlidence to the N.-T. revelation of salvation, and makes this its foundation (support). Here is especially of importance the ex- pression (.Vets iii, 1(5), the faith vhich is bi/ him, an ex- jiression which is used to puint out the salvation aris- ini; from the mediation of Christ, through the lookhuj unto Jesus, the author of faith (Heb. xii, 2). Under this class, besides the passages of the Synoptical Gos- pels already referred to, we mention Acts xiv, 22 ; xvi, 5 ; Colos. i, 23 ; 1 Pet. v, 9 ; Rom. xiv, 1 ; iv, 19, 20 ; 1 Cor. xvi, 13 : Rom. xi, 20 ; 2 Cor. i, 21 ; xiii, 5 ;