ied at the College of Aix, in Provence, entered the community at Saratof, and in 1833 general superin-
FESTIVAL
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FESTIVAL
tentlent of the Lutheran congregation at Petersburg, where he died Dec. 15, 1839. His principal works are, Marc-Aurel, a liistorical novel (Bresl.l7U0-92, 3 vols.): ^^Matthias Corvinus (Bresl. 1793) : — Aristules u. The- mistokles (Berlin, 1792 and 1818, 3d ed.) -.—-Attila (Bres- lau, 1794) :—Gesrh. d. Ungarn, etc. (Lpz. 1812-25) :— Eiickblicke a. meiiie 70 jaehrige I'ilgerschafl (Breslau, 1826). — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gen. (Paris, 1857).
Festival (properlj^ :in, chag, ioor)), " feast"), re- ligious, OF THE Israelites (compare Lev. xxiii). These were occasions of public religious observances, recurring at certain set and somewhat distant inter- vals. In a certain sense, indeed, each day was such an occasion, for at the daily service two lambs of the first year were to be offered at the door of the taber- nacle ; one in the morning, the other in the evening, a continual burnt-offering. M'itii each lamb was to be offered one tenth of an ephah of flour, mingled with one fourth of a hin of fresh oil, for a meat-offering, and one fourth of a hin of wine for a drink-ofiering. Frankincense was to be placed on the meat-offering, a handful of which, with the frankincense, was to be burnt, and the remainder was to be eaten by the priest in the holy place, without leaven. The priests were to offer daily the tenth of an cphah of fine flour, half in the morning and half in the evening, for them- selves. The high-priest was to dress the lamps in the tabernacle every morning, and light them every even- ing; and at the same time burn incense on the altar of incense. The people provided oil for. the lamps which were to burn from cA-ening to morning: the ashes were removed bj' a priest, dressed in his lin- en garment and his linen drawers, and then carried by him out of the camp in his common dross. Great stress was laid on the regular observance of these re- quirements (Numb, xxviii, 1-8 ; Exod. xxix, 38-42 ; Lev. vi, 8-28 ; Exod. xxx, 7-9 ; xxvii, 20 ; Lev. sxiv, 1-4 ; Numb, viii, 2). See Daily Sacrifice.
So, likewise, there was a weelvly, a monthly, and a yearly festival, as will presently appear. At the Neic- moo7i festival, in the beginning of tlie month, in addi- tion to the daih' sacrifice, two heifers, one ram, and seven lambs of the first 3'ear were to be offered as burnt-offerings, with three tenths of an ephah of flour, mingled with oil, for each heifer ; two tenths of an ephah of flour, mingled witli oil, for the ram ; and one tenth of an ephah of flour, mingled with oil, for ever}' lamb ; and a drink-offering of half of a hin of wine for a heifer, one third of a hin for the ram, and one fourth of a hin for every lamb. One kid of the goats was also to be offered as a sin-offering (Numb, x, 10 ; xxviii, 11-15). See New IMoon.
I. Pre-exilicin Festivals. ■ — Tlie religious times or- dained in the law fill imder three heads : 1. Those for- mally connected with the institution of the Sabbath. These were the following :
(1.) The week/g Sabbath itse'f. — On this day two lambs of the first year, without blemish, were to be of- fered for a burnt-offering, morning and evening, with two tenths of an cphah of flour, mingled Avith oil, for a meat-offering, and one half of a hin of wine for a drink-offering, thus doubling the offering for ordinary days. Twelve cakes of fine flour were to be placed every Sabbath upon the table in the tabernacle, in two piles, and pure frankincense laid on the uppermost of each pile. These were to be furnished l)y the people ; two were offered to Jehovah, the rest were eaten bj' the priests in the holy place (Exod. xxxi, 12; Lev. xxiii, 1; xxvi, 2; Exod. xix, 3-30; xx, 8-11; xxiii, 12; Deut. V, 12-15 ; Lev. xxiii, 3 ; xxiv, 5-9 ; Numb. XV, 35 ; xxviii, 9). See Sabbath.
(2.) The seventh Keio 3foon, or Feast of Trumpets. — The first day of the seventh montli was to l)e a Sab- bath, a holy convocation, accompanied l)y the Mowing of trumpets. In addition to tlic daily and monthly sacrifices, one ram and seven lambs were to be offered
as burnt-offerings, Avith their respective meat-oflFer- ings, as at the usual New-moon festival (Numb, xxviii, 11-15; xxix, 1-G; Lev. xxiii, 23-25). See Trum- pets, Feast of.
The other septenary festivals were : (3.) The Sab- batical Year (q. v.), and (4.) The Year of Jvhike (q. v.).
2. The great feasts (a-'1"i'2, set times; in the Tal- mud, ^'h'^'}, pilgrimage feasts') ave.: the Passover; the feast of Pentecost, of M'eeks, of Vriieat-harvest, or of the First-fruits; the feast of Tabernacles, or of In- gathering. In the arrangement of these festiA-als like- Avise a sabbatical order remarkably prcA^ails (compare 3fidrash Rabba on Le\'. xxiii, 24), and serves to fur- nish a strong proof that the whole sj-stem of the festi- A-als of the JeAvish law Avas the product of one mind. Pentecost occurs seven Aveeks after the Passover; the Passover and the feast of Tabernacles last seven days each ; the days of Holy ConA'Ocation are scA'cn in the A'ear — two at the PassoA-er, one at Pentecost, one at the feast of Trumpets, one on the Day of Atonement, and tAvo at the feast of Tabernacles ; the feast of Tab- ernacles, as Avell as the Day of Atonement, falls in the seventh month of the sacred j'ear ; and, lastly, the cy- cle of annual feasts occupies seven months, from Nisan to Tisri. See Sea'EX.