Uanjror
St. .Vsaph
York
For a pall
Purliiim
^;al■li^le
Chester
Kings's Books.
£2082 12 2
1000 0 0
28T.0 IS IJ
2134 IS 6J
828 U 9^
5.50 17 3V
1^85 5 0
533 1 3
500 0 0
834 U U
fl2'.» 13 3
7GS 11 Oi
677 1 15S 4 9 3S1 11 0 315 7 1 414 19 294 11 420 2 154 14 131 16 187 11
1010 0 0
1821 1 3 631 4 9i
420 1 8
To the Pope.
10,000 Horins. 5,000 " 3,000 "
12,0ii0 ducats. 7,000 " 5,000 " 1.733 " 4,500 "
430 fioi'ins. 6,000 ducats. .5,000 '' 2,000 florins. 2,000
333 dncats, 1,300 florins.
1,.500 florins.
700 "
12(1 "
120 "
10.000 ducats.
5,000 "
9,1100 "
1,000 "
It will be observed that the bishoprics of Oxford, (iloucester, Peterborough, Bristol, and Chester, as cre- ations or revivals by Henry VIII, are not included in the above catalogue as paying to the pope. — Eadie, Eccl. Cyclop, s. V. ; Bingham, Orig. Eccl. bk. v, ch. vi, §4.
Fish (.1'^, dag, so called from its great Jecundity ; Gr.
FISH
575
FISH
I'x^i'C, Gen. ix, 2 ; Numb, xi, 22 ; JoiKih ii, 1, 10 ; Matt, vii, 10; xiv, 17; xv, 31; Luke v, C; John xxi, G, 8, 11). The Hebrews recognised fish as one of the great divisions of the animal Ivingdom, and, as such, give them a place in the account of the creation (Gen. i, 21, 28 • where, however, they are included under the gen- eral terms yTJ, she'y-els, swarm, and ri"JJ"S1, rome' - seth, creeinng thing, i. e. destitute of legs ; and as dis- tinguished from the larger inhabitants of the deep, D^3"'iri, t.anniidm'\ as well as in other passages where an exhaustive description of living creatures is intend- ed (Gen. ix, 2 ; Exod. xx, 4 ; Deut. iv, 18 ; 1 Kings iv, 33). They do not, however, appear to have acquired any intimate knowledge of this branch of natural liis- tory. Although they were acquainted with some of the names given by the Egyptians to the different species (for Josephus, War, iii, 10, 8, compares one found in the Sea of Galilee to the coracinus), Xhay did not adopt a similar method of distinguishing them ; nor was any classification attempted beyond the broad divisions of clean and unclean, great and small. The former was established by the Mosaic law (Lev. xi, 9, 10), which pronounced unclean such fish as were devoid of fins and scales : these were and are regarded as unwhole- some food in Egypt (Wilkinson, Anc. Kf/t/pt. iii, 58, 59), so much so that one of the laws of El-Hakim prohibit- ed the sale, or even the capture of them (Lane, Modern Ef/jjptiaiis, i, 13(), note; De Sacy, Chrestomathie Arabe, 2d ed. i, 98). This distinction is probably referred to in the terms acnrpa {esui noii idunea, Schleusner's Lex. s. V. ; Trench, On Parablea, p. 137) and kuXci (Matt, xiii, 48). Tliis law of Moses may have given rise to some casuistr}^, as many fishes have scales, which, though imperceptible when first caught, are very ap- parent after the skin is in the least dried. Maimoni- des, with less reason, sees in tlie Levitical distinctions of /«>M and scales among fishes "marks M'hereby the more noble and excellent species might be distin- guished from those that were inferior" (Townley's More Nevochiin, p. 305). In no ordinance of the laws of Moses do we finA fishes prescribed as religious offer- ings. In this respect, as well as manj"^ others, these laws were opposed to the heathen rituals, which ap- pointed fish-oflerings to various deities. Besides the l< pi lotus, the ox>/rhincus, the phagriis (eel, "from its vinwholesome qualities not eaten by the ancient Egyp- tians," Wilkinson, v, 251), latus, and mteotes were held sacred in various parts of ancient Egj'pt (Clem. Alex., Plutarch, Stral)o, Athenaius, are the authorities re- ferred to Ijy Sir G.Wilkinson, v, 125). In the Ordi- nances of Menu, ch. v (on Diet, Purification, etc.), sees. 15, 16, "the twice-born man is commanded diligently to abstain tromfisk; yet the two fishes called pathi/ia (sheat-fish, Silurus pelorius) and rohita (rohi-fish, Cij- prlnm denticukitus) may be eaten by the guests, when offered at a repast in honor of the gods or manes ; and so may the rajiva (a large fish, Cyprinus Niloticus), the sinhatundii, and the siisalca (probably shrimps and prawns) of every species" (Sir W. Jones's Laws of Menu, by Haughton, p. 146). Similarly in the hea- then observances of other nations ; thus " Apua [que- ry, Anchor;/'] Veneri erat sacra; Concha [perhaps Pearl- oyster] Veneristat; Mullus Tt'mnixi ; pisces omnes Nep- tuno; 7%««w<s Neptuno." {Beyer, A diHt. ad Seldeni Syntiig. de Diis Syriis ; Ugolini Thesaur. xxxiii, 338. Vossius, in Hoffmann! Lexicon, iii, 771, has a much longer list of fourteen fishes, "a vcterihus pro Diis ha- bili." Consecrated fishes were kept in reservoirs, with rings of gold, or silver, or brass attached to them. So Sir J. Chardin in Harmer, iii, 58.) It was perhaps as an image of fecundity that the fish was selected as an object of idolatry: the worship of it was widelj'^ spread, from EK3'])t (Wilkinson, iii, 58) to Assyria (Layard, Nineveh, ii, 467), and oven India (Baur, My- tholoff'e, ii, 58). Among the Philistines, Dagon { = lit- tle fish) was represented by a figure half man and half