Francois de Toulouse, a French theologian and preacher, lived in the Latter half of the 17tli cen- tury, and was notably zealous in striving to bring the Protectants of the Ceveniies back to the Roman faith. He belonged to the order of Capuchin monks, of which
he became provincial. Of his writings, we name Le Parfait Missionaire (Paris, 1662, 2 vols. 4to) ; — Le Mis- sionaire Apostolique (Paris, 1G64, 8 vols. 8vo) : — Ser- mons stir les Fetes des Saints (Paris, 1673, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Sermons si/r les fetes et les mysteres de Jt'sus-Christ et de, la Sainte Vierge (Paris, 1673, 8vo). — Hoefer, Nouv. Bir ograjihie Generate, xviii, 543-4, (J. W. M.)
Francus, or Frank, Sebastiax, a so-called en- thusiast of the times of the Reformation, was born about 1500 at Donauwerth. He was first a Roman priest, then a Lutheran minister, afterwards soap man- ufacturer and printer, alwa_ys a thinker and writer. He anticipated a class of modern divines in certain views : e. g. extolling the spirit of Scripture in dis- tinction from the letter ; viewing religion in a thor^ oughly subjective wa}' ; holding that one believes only on the united testimony of one's heart and con- science. AVell read in ancient and mystical philoso- ph}', he imbibed from it a sort of pietistic pantheism. He held that whenever man passiveh' submits to God, then God becomes incarnate in him. The divines at Smalcald (1540) requested Melancthon to write against him, and signed a severe declaration about bis writings "as the devil's favorite and special blas- phemer." He was driven out of Strasburg and Ulra, and died at Basle 1543. An account of him may 1 e found in Wald, De Vita Franci (Erlangen, 1793); Ch. K. am Ende, Nacklese zu F.'s Lelen v. Schriften (Nuremb. 1796). See also Herzog, Rtal-Enegklop. iv, 450; Erbkum, Gesch. d. protest. Sekten im Zntalter der Reformation; C. A. Hase, Seb. Franck von Word, der Schwarmgeist (Leip. 1869) ; Hase, Ch. Histoiy, § 373; Bayle, Dictionary, s. v.
Frank, Jacob {.Tankiew Lelouicz), founder of the Jewish sect of the Fra7ilists, was born in Poland in 1712. "While a young man he travelled through the Crimea and neighboring parts of Turkev% where he received the surname of Frank, given by the Turks to r.uropeans, and M'hith he retained. Having returned to Poland in 1750, he acquired great reputation as a Kabbalist, and settled in Podolia, where he was soon surrounded \:y adepts, among whom were several rab- bis. His most zealous followers were among the Jewish communities of Landskron, Busk, Osiran, Opotschnia, and Kribtschin. He preached a new doctrine, the fundamental principles of which he had borrowed from that of Sabatliai-Sevi, and wliich he explained in a beck which his disciples looked upon as directly inspired from God. The rabbis of Podo- lia, jealous of his iuHuence, caused him all sorts of an- noyances, and had him arrested, but he was liberated through the influence of the Roman Catholic clergy, and authorized by the king to jirofess freely his te- nets. His followers then, under the name of Zoliar- ites (from their sacred book Zohar) and Anfi-Talmvd- ists, oppressed their former "adversaries in turn, and even obtained an order from the cardinal of Kamienitz to have all the copies of the Talmud in his diocese burned. They soon, however, lost their influence, the papal nuncio at Warsaw declaring against them. Some fled to INIoldavia, where they were badly treated, and most of the others, including Frank, professedly embraced Christianity ; but, as he continued to make proselytes, he was imprisoned in the fort of Czensto- chow until the invasion of Poland bj' the Russians in 1773. His sect had increased in the mean time, and he made large collections in Poland and Bohemia. In 1778 he went to Vienna, and then went to Brunn, in TJoravia, where he lived in princely style on the means furnished hiin by his followers. Driven again from Vienna, wliere he had returned, he settled at Offen- bach, in Hesse, where he died of apoplexy (notwith- standing his disciples believed him immortal) Dec. 10, 1791. The sect exists yet, and has its head-quarters in AVarsaw, but the mystery which surrounds it has not yet been dissipated. Their profession of faith has
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been published at Lemberg in rabbinical Hebrew and in Polish. — Hoefer, Xom\ Biog. Gen. xviii, 505; see Czacki, Dissertation sur les Juifs ; Peter Beer, His- toire des Juifs: Fort, Ilistoire cles Jui's; Franck, La Cahah; Leon Holhienderski, Lei Israelites de Pologne ; Salomon ]Mainion, Des sectes reiiffieuses des Juifs po- lonais ; Carmoly, Etut des Israelites en Pologne ; Gi iitz, Frank u. d. Frankisten (Breslau, 18G8) ; Jahrbucher f. deutsche Theologie (18C8), p. 555 ; Judische Zeitschnft (Geiger's), vi, 1, 49.
Frankenberg, Johann Heinrich, count- of Frankenberg, a cardinal of the Roman Oath. Church, was born at Glogau September 18, 172G. He stud- ied first at Breslau, and afterwards in the German- Hungarian College at Rome. After his return to Germany he became successively coadjutor of the archbishop of Giirtz in 1749, archbishop of ^lecheln in 1759, soon after member of the Belgian Council of State, and cardinal in 1778. He defended the liljer- ties of the Church and of the episcopal seminaries against the innovations of the emperor, Josepli II, but, being accused of having taken part in some disturb- ances which occurred in Brabant in 1789, the emperor deposed him. Accused afterwards of having opposed tlie measures taken by the French against the cliurch- es of his diocese, he was condemned to deportation, and taken to Brussels. He lived for a wliile at Em- merich, then in the village of Ahaus, in Westphalia, and finally removed to Breda, in Holland, where he died, June 11, 1804. See A. Thciner, Der Cardinal von Frunkenherg (Freiburg, 1850); Pisrer, Universal-Lexi- kon, s. V.