On the analogous practice alluded to in Eev. xiii, 16; xiv, 1, see Forehead.
Fronton le Due, or Fronto Ducasus. See Ddc, Fronton du.
Froriep, Justus Fkiedrich, a learned Oriental-
FROSSARD
683
FRUIT
ist, was born at Lubeck June 1, 1745, and was educa- ted at Leipsij;, where he passed 13. D. in 17G7. In 1771 he was made ])rolessor of Oriental literature at Er- furt, and in 1792 superintendent at Biiekeburg. He died at AVetzlar Jan. 2G, 1800. Amoni; his numerous writings arc, De utllUate linguce Arabiciv (Lips. 17G7, 4to) : — A rahische Biblioihek, 8vo ■.—Blbliotkek d. theolof). Wissenschnfttn (Lemgo, 1771-8G, 2 vols. 8vo). — Doer- ing, Gelehrten Theolo(/en Deutschlands, s. v.
Frcssard, Bexjamin Sigismond, a Protestant theoloiiiian, was born at Nj-on, Canton Vaud, Switzer- land, in 17o4, and died at Montauban, France, Jan. 3, 1830. He finislied his education at Geneva, and was a pastor in Lyons until the siege of that city in 1793. On the establishment of departmental schools (/coles centrales) in France, under the decree of Oct. 25, 1795, Frossard was made professor of morals in that of Cler- mont-Ferrand. In 1802 he was engaged in the com- pilation of the organic rules for the refonned worship, and in 1809 was charged with the orj^^mization of a faculty of theologj' at Montauban, of which he became dean. This deanery he lost in 1815, but retained the chair of morals and eloquence. We have from him La Cause des Esclaves nigres el des hahitants de la Guinoe, etc. (Paris, 1788, 2 vols. 8vo) ; a French translation of Hugh Blair's Sermons (Lyons, 1782, 3 vols. 8vo) ; and of Willierforce's Practical View, etc., under the title Le Chrlstianisme des Gens du Monde, mis en opposition avec le veritable Christianisme (Montauban, 1821, 2 vols. 8vo). — Haag, La France Protedante ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biogr. Gcnerale, xviii, 949-50. (J. W. ^M.)
Frost (prop. ^133, Tceplior' , so called from covei-ing the ground, "hoar-frost," Exod. xvi, 14 ; Job xxsviii, 29 ; Psa. cxlvii, 16 ; also H^J!?, he' rack, from its smooth- ness, ice, as rendered Job vi, 16 ; xxxviii, 29 ; " frost, " Job xxxvii, 10; hence cold, "frost," Gen. xxxi, 40; Jer. xxxvi, 30; and "cn/sia/," from its resemblance to ice, Ezek. i, 22), frozen dew. It appears in a still night, when there is no storm or tempest, and descends upon the earth as silently as if it were produced b}' mere breathing (Jol) xxxvii, 10). Throughout west- ern Asia, very severe and frostj' nights are often suc- ceeded by days warmer than most western summers afford (Gen. xxi, 40 ; see Jer. xxxvi, 30). Dr. Kobin- son says (Researches, ii, 97), in Jerusalem "the ground never freezes ; l)ut Mr. Whiting had seen the pool back ■ of his house (Hezekiah's) covered with tliin ice for one or two days." Dr. Barclay states (Citjj of the Great King, p. 50) that " frost at the present day is en- tirely unknown in the lower portion of the valley of the Jordan [the Ghor] ; but slight frosts are some- times felt on the sea-coast, and near Lebanon." See Palestine.
The word ?"C5n, chanamal' , found only in Psa. Ixxviii, 47, where (in accordance with the Sept.,Yulg., Chald., Arabic, Sjr., and most interpreters) it is ren- dered "frost," signities (according to Michaelis) a spe- cies of ant, as destructive to trees (?) as the hail (Aben-Ezra) in the parallel member. (See Gesenius, Thes. Ileb. \). 499 ; Bochart, Hieroz. iii, 255, edit. Lips.) Perhaps, if an animal at all be meant, it may be a des- ignation of the caterpillar (so some of the Rabbins), an insect nowhere else properly distinctly referred to in the Scriptures, but peculiarly destructive to the foliage of trees. See Locust.
Froude, Kiciiard Hurrell, M.A., was born in Devonsliire in 1803, entered Eton College in 1816, and Oriel College, Oxford, 1821. In 1826 he became fel- low and tutor of Oriel, where he remained till 1830. He took priests' orders in 1829, and for the last four j'ears of his life he resided alternately in the south of Europe and in the West Indies. He was a man of fine genius, but of ill-regulated temper and will. He shared in tiie so-called Oxford movement under New- man and Pusey, and was liimself, before he died, a
thorough but unhappy ascetic. Every day, accord- ing to his own account, he became " a less and less loj'al son of the Reformation." His Remains (Lond. 1838, 4 vols. 8vo) contain his Journal, Sermons, Essays on Rationalism, on Eraslianisni, on Becket, Henry II, etc. — Edinburgh Review, Ixvii, 525 sq.
Fnictuosus, St., archbishop of Braga, sprung from the blood royal of the Goths, devoted his proper- ty chiefly to the founding of monasteries. He was ab- bot of his own monastery of Complutum ; was ordained liishop of Dania, and in 656 archbishop of Braga. He died A.D. 665. lie is commemorated in the Roman Catholic Church on the 16th of April. He wrote a Rale for his monks at Complutum, and a Supplement. They are published in Holstenins, Cod. Rcgitl. part ii, p. 133 (Paris, 1663) ; also with his Ejiistolce, in Migne, Patrol. Lat. Ixxxvii, 1087 sq. ; conip. Mabillon, Ord. St. Benedict, i, 437. — Clarke, Succ. Sac. Lit. ii, 408.
Frtiit (properly i"1Q, ^jeri', Kapiroc), an extensive term, denoting produce in general, whether vegetable or animal, and also used in a figurative sense (see Gesenius's Ileb. Lex. and Robinson's Greek Lex.). The Hebrews had three generic terms designating three great classes of the fruits of the land, closely corre- sponding to what may be expressed in English as, 1. Corn-J'rult, or field produce; 2. Vintage-fruit; 3. Or- chardfruit. The term V'^ P , ka'yits, ' ' summer-fruits," appears to denote those less important species of fruit which were adapted only to immediate consumption, or could not easily or convenientlj' be conserved for winter use (Jer. xl, 10, 12). The three terms spoken of as being so frequentl)' associated in the Scriptures, and expressive of a most comprehensive triad of bless- ings, are the following :