Gabiiol. See Gebirol.
Gabish. See Pearl.
Gabler, Georg Andreas, son of Johanii Phi- lipp, was born in Altorf in 1786. He was for several years (from 1807) tutor in the family of Schiller at Weimar, became in 1811 teacher of the gymnasium of Ansbach, in 1817 professor, and in 1821 rector of the g3'innasiuin in Baj'reuth, in 1S24 professor of classical literature at the Ij'ceum in the same citj', and, after the death of Hegel, professor of philosophy at the Uni- versity of Berlin. He died in 1853 at Teplitz. He wrote Lehrbiich der johilosoph. Propddeutik (Erlangen, 1827, 1 vol.) : — De vene phUosophice erga religionem Christianam jnetafe (trying to establish the harmony between the Christian reliirion and the Hegelian jJii- losophy, Berlin, 18.16) ; Beitraf/e zur richtigtr Beurlhei- lung d. Ilegelschen Philosuphie (Berlin , 1843). (A. J. S.)
Gabler, Johann Philipp, a German theologian, was born June 4, 1753, at Frankfort on the Maine. He studied at the gj'innasium of his native city for ten years ; then at the University of Jena from 1772 to 1778, under Griesbach and Elchhorn, from whom he received his theological and literary bias. In 1785 he was made professor of theolog}' at Altdorf, and in 1804 he was called to Jena as second to Griesbach, whoso place he filled after Griesbach's death in 1812. Hero he achieved great distinction, both as teacher and writ- er, and he was five times chosen prorector of the nni- versit}'. In theology he was an extreme Rationalist. He died Feb. 17, 1827. He wrote Entwurf einer Her- meneulik des N. T. (Altdorf, 1788) : — Illst.-krit. Einlei- tung ins N. T. (Altdorf, 1789). He is known chiefly l)y his edition of Eichhorn's Urgeschichte (Altdorf, 1790-93, 2 vols.), and the appendix he wrote to it (\-'ersuch iiber d. Mosaische Schopfungsgeschichte, Altdorf, 1795). From 1791 to 1800 he edited the Neuesles thcologisches Jourmd (begun by Amnion, Hiinlein, and Paulus); from 1800 to 1804 the Journal f theol. Literatur ; 1805 to 1811, the Journal f. auserlesene theol. Literatur. A collec- tion of his essays was published bj- his sons in 1831 (Ulm, 2 vols.). — Saintes, Hist, of Rationalism, bk. i, ch. xi ; Herzog, Real-Encyhlop. iv, 632 ; W. Schroter, Erin- nerungen an J. P. Gabler (Jena, 1827).
Ga'brias (VafipiaQ v. r. Vafipti, i. e. fl^'i^J, hero of Jehovah), according to the present text of the Sept. the brother of Gabae), to whom Tobit intrusted (jrapi- BiTo) ten talents of silver (Tob. i, 14), though in an- other place (Tob. iv, 20, r(ii tov Vajipla ; compare Fritzsche, Exeg. llandb. ad loc.) he is described as liis father. The readings throughout are very uncert.iin.
GABRIEL
(02
GABRIEL, ST.
and in the versions the names arc strangely confused. It is an obvious correction to suppose that VajicitiXiij r(ji a^t\<p({i Tijj IVi/Jpi^f should be read in i, 14, as is in fact suggested by Cod. F. A., rn/3/}/\(;j . . . r(;j aS. rtp Va)ipti. The niisunderstandinj^ oi toj act\(pip (conip. Tob. i, 10, IG, etc.) naturally occasioned the omission of the article. 'Hie old Latin has Gahelo fratri meo jilio Gabahel; and so also iv, 20. — Smith, s. v.
Ga'briel (Fleb. Gabriel', bx'i'n^a, champion of God; Sept. and N. T. ro/Spt/'/X), a -word which is r.ot in itself distinctive, but merely a description of the an- gelic office, used as a prtu^er name or title to designate the heavenly messenger who was sent to Daniel to ex- jdain tiie vision of the ram and the he-goat (Dan. vii), and to communicate the prediction of the Seventj' AVeeks (Dan. ix, 21-27). Under the new dispensation lie was employed to announce the birth of John the Baptist to his father Zechariah (Luke i, 11), and that of the Messiah to the Virgin Maiy (Luke i, 2G). See Annunciation. (It is also added in the Targums as a gloss on some other passages of the O. T.) In the ordinary traditions, Jewish and Christian, Gabriel is spoken of as one of the archangels (q. v.). In Scrip- ture he is set forth only as the representative of the angelic nature, not in its dignity or power of contend- ing against evil [see Michael], but in its ministra- tion of comfort and sj'mpathy to man. His promi- nent character, therefore, is that of a "fellow-servant" of the saints on earth ; and there is a corresponding simplicity, and absence of all terror and mystery, in his communications to men; his own words, "I am Gabriel, that stand in the presence of God" (Li.ko i, 19), are rather in favor of the notion of his superior dignity. See Angki,.
In the Book of Enoch, "the four great archangels, Michael, Eaphael, Gabriel, and Uiiv^l," i.rc describee'. as reporting the corrupt state of mankind to the Cre- ator, and receiving their several commissions. To Ga- briel he says, "Go, (jabriel, against the giants, the spu- rious ones, the .«ons of fornication, and destroy the sons of the watchers from among the sons of men" (Greek Fragment of the Book of Enoch, jireserved hy Sj'ncellus in Scaliger's notes on the Chronicnn of Eusebius, Am- stel. 1G58, p. 404). In the i;al)binical writings Gabriel is represented as standing in front of the divine throne, near the standard of the tribe of Judah (Buxtorf, Lex. Tulmiid. col. 46). The Rabbins also say that he is the Prince of Fire, and appointed to preside over the ripen- ing of fruit; that he was the only one of the angels who understood Chaldee and Syriac, and taught Jo- seph the seventy languages spoken at the dispersion of Babel ; that he and Michael destroyed the host of Sennacherib, and set fire to the Temple at Jerusalem (Eisenmenger's Entd.Judmthmns,\i, 3G5, 379, 380, 383).