On the subject here treated of, see West's Odes of Pindar, 2d ed. ; Potter's Antiquities of Greece, bk. ii, ch. xxi-xxv; and Adams's Roman Antiq. p. 224-234. By far the best worli, however, is Krause's Die Gym- nastik und Agonistik der Hellenen (Halle, 1835) ; his Darsfellimg d'-r Olymphischen Spiele (Vien. 1838) ; and his Die Pyt/iie/i, Xemeen und Tsthmeen (Leipzig, 1841). See also Nagel, De ludis seecularibus Romanorum in Ge- mara commemoratis (Altorf, 1743) ; Eckhard, De Paulo athleta (Viteb. 1688); Guhling, De hcutionibiis sacris e pali'stra petitis (ibid. 1726) ; Schcipfer, De locutionihus PauU gymnasticis (ibid. 1704) ; Auerswald, De veterum arte luctun i (ibid. 1720) ; Giinther, De cursorihus vete- rum (ib. 1709); Hofmann, De athletis veterum (Halle, 1717) ; Lydii Agonistica sacra (Franeq. 1700).
Gam'madim (Heb. Gammadim' , C^I^J ; Sept. ^I'XrtK-f c, Yulg. Pygmai, A.V. "Gammadims") is the name of a class of men mentioned in Ezek. xxvii, 11, as defenders of the towers of Tyre in connection with the mercenaries from Arad. See Tyrk. A variety of explanations of the term have l>een offered.
(1.) Some (e. g. Forster. Diet. Ebr. Nov. s. v.) sup- pose a connection with ^^J, go'med, a cubit, q. d. cubit- high men, whence the Vulg. has pigmies (so Rashi, Kim- chi, and others). Michaelis {Svpp)lem. p. 326) thinks that the apq^arent height alone is referred to, with the intention of convej-ing an idea of the great height of the towers. Spencer {De Leg. Ileb. Rit. ii, cap. 24) ex- jjlains it of small images of the tutelar gods, like the Lares of the Romans (see also his Dissert, de Gamma- dim, in Ugolini Thesaur. xxiii, 18). This view seems to be refuted by Anthing, Dissertat. de sublesta twv D'^1'3i>^)e?' Pymceos interpretatione (Vitemb. 1710).
(2.) Others (e. g. Pfeiffer, Dub. Vex. p. 783; Ludolf, Comment, hist. uEthiop. p. 73, 74) treat it as a geograph- ical or local term ; Grotius holds Gamad to be a He- braized form (JiyKiov for T2J) of the name Ancon, a Phoenician town ; the Chaldee paraphrase has Cappa- docians, as though reading Q"^"I??; Fuller (Miscell. vi, 698) identifies them as the inhabitants otGnmaln (Plin. v, 14) ; and again the word has been broken up into C"T2 ^'\ — also the Medes. Rosenmiiller {Scliol. ad loc.) thinks it the name of some obscure Phoenician town, not elsewhere mentioned. But these conjectures are ecjually without foundation (see Harduin, ad loc. ; Reland, Palwsf. p. 784).
(3.) Jlost later interpreters give a more general mil- itary sense to the word. Gesenius {Thesaur. p. 292) connects it with "T:?, a bough, whence the sense of brave u-arriors. Lee renders shoii-srrordsmen, from the same Arable root. Hiivernick (ad loc.) understands
GAMUL
735
GANGES
daring ones, from an Aramajan root. Hitzig (ad loc.) suggests deserters (Ueberldiiftr), and draws attention to the preposition in as favoring tliis sense : he inclines, however, to the opinion that the prophet had in view Cant, iv, 4, and tliat the word C^niSJ in that passage has been successively corrupted into □"'I'^'i, as read by the Sept., which gives (frvXaKiQ and n"'"l'2J, as in the present text. The Syr. and Arabian interpreters agree with the Sept., rendering watchmen (so Luther, '' Wiichter"). FUrst {Heb. Lex. s. v.) refers the word to an obsolete TCJ, to j^lace or make stand (akin with the above Arabic (jamad, to be firm), and translates fjar- rison (Besatzung), a view that seems to agree with tlie context. The following words of the verse — "They hanged their shields upon th}' walls round about" — are illustrated l)y one of the bas-reliefs found at Kouyunjik (Layard, Nineveh, ii, 296). — Smith, s v.
Ii0lic°:ll
VAAA/'V
Castle of a maritime People (probably the Tyrians), with the shields hanging upon the walls.
Ga'mul (Hel). Gamut', ?1-3, u-eaned ; Sept. Va- ^iov\ V. r. Vaj.iov)iX), the chief of the twenty-second course of priests as reinstituted after the captivity (1 Chron. xxiv, 17), B.C. 535. See Beth-Gamul. Ganganelli. See Clement XIV. Ganges, or Gunga, a great river in India, im- portant not only in the geography, l)ut also in the re- ligion of Hindustan. The sources of the streams which unite to form it are within the snowy range of the Ilim- alava Mountains. The Bhaqlretli rises from a snow- field near lat. 30° 54' N., ami long. 79° T E. The Al- uknaada joins it, with a volume of water one half great- er than its own, at about lat. 30° 10' N., long. 78° 35' E., wliere it first receives the name Ganges, or Gangi. At Hurdwar, in lat. 29° 57' N., long. 78° 07' E., it en- ters the great plain of Hindustan. At Allahabad it is joined b}' the Jumna River; and again, about 270 miles below that, b}' the Ghogra, having previousl)' received the Gumbi and some others. About halfway between Allahabad and the Gliogra is the holy city of the Hindus — Banares. Farther east it is joined by the Sone Gunduk and Koosj'^, and below Seebgunj it be- gins to divide into the multitudinous streams by which it enters tlie sea. The one of these manj^ mouths of the Ganges which is most available for commerce is the Hooghlj', upon whose banks is the city oi Calcutta. The Ganges varies much in its width at different places and with the seasons. Bishop Heber, at the last of June, says that he could scarcely see across it: "It looked like a sea, with many sails upon it." Again, at Bog- lipoor he writes : " A little below Boglipoor, last year, it was nine measured miles across ; and this year, though far less ground is covered, it is supposed to be full seven ; and here we are perhaps 600 miles, reck- oning tlie windings of the river, from the sea" {Indian Journal, i, 130). At Cawnpoor, after the rains, he writes : "The Ganges is still a noble stream; its width, at the usual place of feming, I sliould think not far from a mile and a half, but at tliis season the water is in many places shallow. At Allahabad it has an av- erage width of four miles, within the limits of which it changes its course annually. Like all rivers that over- flow their banks, the Ganges holds a large admixture of mud and sand. It has been computed that it de- livers into the sea annually an average of 534,600,000 tons of solid matter."