Gaume, Ji:an, a Roman Catholic theologian of France. He was a prolific writer of the strictest ul- tramontane school, and in 1x52, wliile vicar general of the diocese of Nevers, kindled a great literary con- troversy hj his pamplilet Ver Rongeur, in which he condemned the stud}' of the Latin and Greek classics, aJid advocated the substitution for them of tlie Church fathers in the course of classical education. The lead- ing organ of the ultramontane party in France, the Univers, and several bishops, sided with Gaume; but many others declared against his vieAvs, and his own diocesan, the bishop of Ncvers, censured him for tlie publication of the iiami)hlet. In consequence of this censure, Gaume resigned at the close of tlie year 1852. He died in l.'-GD. Among his other numerous writings are, Du CathoHnsnie dans V education (1835) : — Manuel des Coifesseurs (5th edit. 1842) : — Catichisme de Perse- verance (1838) : — Tableaux de I'histoire de la religion: — Ilistoire de la Societe domestique (1844) : — Credo ou refuqe du Chretien duns les t(m])S actuels (Paris, 1867). (A. J. S.)
Gaurs, supposed descendants of the Parsees, still
subsisting in different parts of the East. See Par- sees.
Gaussen, Etienne, a French Protestant theolo- gian, was boru at Nismes in the early part of the 17th century, and died at Saumur in 1675. In 1651 he was made professor of philosophy in the Protestant Acade- my of Saumur, and in 1G55 succeeded .Josuc de la Place in the chair of theology. He agreed with La Place that the study of philosophy was useful to the theologian, and strongly urged it upon his pupils. His works are marked by vigor and depth of thought, and enjoyed for a long time a high reputation in the schools of Holland and Germany. The titles are, The- ses inaugurales de Vei-bo Dei (Saumur, 1655, 4to) : — De • Consensu Gratia cum Natura (ib. 1659, 4to) : — De Ra- tione Studii theologici — De Katura Theologiie — De Rati- one Concionandi — De Utilitate Philosophix ad theologi- am, quibiis accessit bi'eve scriptum de recto usu eluvium erga cegrotantes (ib. 1670, 4to : this collection, regarded by Bayle as the best guide for the studj' of the the- ology of the time, has passed through numerous edi- tions— last one Halle, 1727) : — Theses theologica;, altera de natura theologvc, altera de divhiitatc Scripturre Sacrce (ib. 1676, 4to). — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Genercde, xix, 690, 691 ; Haag, La France Protestante, s. v. (J. W. M.)
Gaussen, Louis, a Swiss divine, was born in Ge- neva Aug. 25, 1790, and in 1816 became pastor of Sa- tigny, near Geneva. Here he came under the influ- ence of pastor Cellerier, who had retained his Chris- tian fidelity and simple faith amid the general falling awaj' of the Swiss clerg3% The revival of religion in Switzerland about that time, due largely to the labors of the brothers Haldani (q. v.), was odious to the ma- jority of the Geneva clergy, and the Ytnirable Com- pagnie des Pasteurs passed some ordinances infringing strongly upon Christian liberty. Gaussen and Celle- rier protested against the proceeding by republishing the Helvetic Confession in French, with a preface ad- vocating the need and utility' of confessions of faith. Gaussen continued to labor faithfully in Satigny for twelve years, and his name became known throughout Switzerland as an earnest upholder of evangelical Christianit}'. His aim was, not to divide the national Church, but to reinspire it with Christian life. His energy and orthodoxy were alike displeasing to the Rationalists, and he was involved in long disputes with the Venerable Compag7iie. Thej"- ordered him to use the emasculated and R'ationalistie Catechism which had been substituted in Geneva for Calvin's: he re- fused, and was censured (see Letters du Pasteur Gaiis- se7i a la Venerable Compagnie, etc., 1831 ; and, on the other side, Ex2}ose des d:sc7/ssio7is entre la Co7npagnie etc. et M. Gausse7i, 1831). He kept on his way, and, in union with Merle (d'Aubigne) and Galland, formed the "Evangelical Society" for the distribution of Bi- bles, tracts, etc. The Consistorj^ at last suspended him, so low had orthodox Christianity sunk in Ge- neva, the home of Calvin. In 1834 he took the chair of theology in the newlj'-founded evangelical school of Geneva, where he taught a strictly orthodox doc- trine, i)erliaps without sufficient knowledge of the con- dition of modern thought. In his Theopmeustie (1840; translated in England and Americ.i) he maintained, in its strongest form, the verlial inspiration of the Scrip- tures. In 1860 he jmblished his Canon des Ecritures Sai7ites (translated. Canon of Hob/ Sci'iptu7-e, 18C2), in which he vindicated his theory of inspiration against the attacks of Scherer and others. His Le^07is sur Danid contained the substance of Iiis lectures and cat- echetical lessons on Daniel. He died June 18, 1863. We have translations of several of his writings besides those already' named, viz. Ge77eva and Jerusalem (1844) : — Geneva and Rwiie, a d'sco7trse (1844) : — It is n-ritlen, Sciipture p7'oved to be from God (1856): — Lessons for the Youvg on the six Driijs of C/eation (1860). — Herzog, Real-E7ic7jklop. xi.x, 538.
GAUTAMA
"55
GAZA
Gautama. See Gotama.
Gautbert, also called Autbert or Gaczbert, Olio of the earliest missionaries of Sweden. He was a iiepiiew of arciiljisho]) Ebbo (q. v.), and was appoint- ed bishop of Sweden by St.Ansgav. Accompanied bj' his nephew Nitli:ird and several other priests, he set out in 83-4 for Sweden, and at once began to preach the Gospel. He built the first Christian church of Sweden at IJii-ka. A large number of pagans were soon con- verted, and the prospects of the mission appeared to be brilliant, but the p-igan priests raised a tumult ag.iinst the missionaries, in which Nithard was killed, while Gautl)ert had a narrow escape, being chained and transported with his compiinions across the fron- tier. All of them repaired to the monasteries of Wcl- nau (now Mllnsterdorf, in Holstein), in order to await there a favorable occasion for returning to Sweden. As, however, no new opening seemed to present itself, he accepted, in 8-15, the sec of Osnabruck, which he ad- ministered until April 11, 8()0, when he resigned. He died three or four years afterwards. (A. J. S.)