11. Sho'ham, Cfl'd (Gen. ii, 12; Exod. xxviii^ 9^
GEaiALLI
(68
GENEALOGY
Ezak. xxviii, 13; Job xxviii, IG, etc.), according to the St'pt., Vulg., and most otiiers, as -well as Josephus (liar, ut sup.), the Beryl (^l!ev. xxi, 20), a pale green gem, passing at times into water-lihic, at others into yellow, witli a hexagonal crystidliz;;tion, streaked iongitudinall}'. The most esteemed specimens came from India (liut conip. Dionj's. Pcrier). 1012), and were of a clear sea-green (Plinj', xxxvii, 20; see Hoffmann, Mineral, i, 601 sq.). The chrysoprase (Xi^oq o Trpdai- voc), which the Sept. has in the passage in Gen- for skoham. may he the bei-yl. Man}' versions (with Braun, Michaelis, Kichhorn, Pareau, Ewald, and others) un- derstand the onyx (see Huet, De sini j^ai-udisi, c. 11). lieland (following the Sept. in Exod. xxviii, 9, 20) holds it to be emerald, on the ground that Havilah (q. V.) was a part of Scj'thia, whence emeralds were ob- tained (Pliny, xxxvii, 16 and 17). See Onyx.
12. Yashephth', !lSd';| or !l£d';i (Exod. xxviii, 20 ; xxxix, 13; Ezek. xxviii, 13), according to the Sept., Vulg., and Josephus, the Jasper (comp. Rev. xxi, 19), a well-known opaque stone, sometimes of one, at oth- ers of many colors, of a shelly, compact fracture, gran- ulous texture, often wrought by the ancients into gems and ornaments (Pliny, xxxvii, 37 ; comp. Fuller, Mis- cell, vi, 8). See Jasi>er.
13. Kadkod', "isi? (Ezek. xxvii, 16; Isa. liv, 12), and
14. Ekdah\ ^ -IpX (Isa. ib.) ; both a red (fiery), brilliant, costly stone, like the ruby, garnet, etc. (see Hartmann, Ilebriier. iii, 91 sq.). The ancient versions give no definite clew to the identity (see Gesenius, Thes. p. C60). See Agate ; Carbuncle.
15. Chrysoprase, xpv(y6'K()a(jo(: (Rev. xxi, 20), a pale green stone, inclining to yellow or brown, and trans- parent (Pliny, xxxvii, 20). See Chevsoprasus.
16. Chclcedjny, yaXKijCiov (Rev. xxi, 16), semi-trans- pai'ent, sky-blue, with a dash of other colors (compare No. 8 above). See Chalcedony.
17. Sardonyx, aapouvvE. (Rev. xxi, 20), a mixtui-e of the agate and carnelian (comp. Ko. 6 abovel, very liighly valued by the ancients (Pliny, xxxvii, 23). See Sardonyx.
18. Shamir", "T^rd (Jer. xvii, 1 ; Ezek. iii, 9 ; Zech. vii, 12), according to the Sept. (in Jer.) and Vulg., the Diamond, the hardest of minerals (Plinj', xxxvii, 15), hence compared with adamant (Pindcr, De ada- mante, Berl. 1829). Bochart {Ilieroz. iii, 843 sq.) com- pares the (jfiiptc; or rrpvpii; (fr^urpiD/c Xi'joc, Job xli, 7 or 15, Sept.; comp. Veltheim in Velthusen's Theoloy. Mayaz. ii, 219 sq.), or emery (Diosc. v, 160), a quart- zose earth mixed with calcined iron, used for polish- ing (Hoffmann, Mineral, i, 561 sq.) ; but the origin of this Greek word is not Shcmitic (see Passow, s. v.). — "Winer, i, 281. See Diamond.
See generally Pliny, Hist. Nat. xxxvii, 14 sq. ; Thc- ophrastus, Ylipi XiSaov (in 0pp. iv, ed. Schneider); Rau, Specim. e libris Achmed de yemmis (Utr. 1784) ; Du- tcns, Pierres jirecieiises (Par. 1776. Lond. 1777); Mari- cttc, Pierres yrnvees (Par. 1750) ; Blum, Taschenbnch d. Edehteink. (2(1 ed. Stuttg. 1835); Hindmarsh, Precious Stones of Scripture (Lond. 1851); Anon, (,'ems, ancient and modern (Lond. 1852); King, Antique Gems (Lond. 1861) ; Thomson, Land and Book, i, 437 sq. See Min- eralogy.
Gemal'li (Hebrew Gemalli', *^^'55, camel-driver; Sept. VapaXi), the father of Ammiel, which latter was the Danite messenger among those who ex- plored the land of Canaan (Numb, xiii, 12). B.C. ante 1657.
Gemara. See Talmud.
Gemari'ah (Heb. Gemaryah', in^"i "?? [J^r. xxix, 3], and in its prolonged form, Gemai-ya'fiu, ^i^^"!"??, whom Jehovah has made pei-J'ect; Sept. Fapapiac), the name of two men.
X. The son of Shaphan, one of the nobles of Judah, and a scribe of the Temple in the time of Jehoiakim. B.C. 605. Baruch read aloud the prophecies of Jere- miah to the people at the official chamber of Gemariah (or from a Avindow in it), which was attached to the new gate of the Temple built bj' king Jotham (Jer. xxxvi, 10; comp. 2 Kings xv, 35). Gemariah's son Michaiah having reported this to his father, Baruch was invited to repeat the reading at the scribe's cham- ber in the palace, before Gemariah and other scribes and councillors, who gave an account of the matter to the king (Jer. xxxvi, 11-20). Gemariah, with the other princes, heard the divine message witli terror, but without a sign of repentance ; though Gemariah joined two othei-s in entreating king Jehoiakim to for- bear destro}-ing the roll which they had taken from Baruch (Jer. xxxvi, 21-25). See Jeremiah.
2. The son of Hilkiah, who, with Elasah, son of Shaphan, was sent to Babylon by king Zedekiah with his tribute-money for Nebuchadnezzar. He also took charge of a letter from Jeremiah to the Jewish cap- tives at Babylon, warning them against the false prophets who deluded them by promises of a speedy return to their own land (Jer. xxix, 3, 4). B.C. 594. See Jeremiah.
Gems. See Gem.
Gena. See Gina.
Genealogy (rn'utXoyin'), literally the act or art of the yii'iaXoyuc, i. e. of him who treats of biith and family, and reckons descents and generations. Hence, b}' an easy transition, it is often (like laTopla) used of the document itself in which such series of generations is set down. In Hebrew the term for a genealojiy or pedigree is wJli'il ^EO, or TIISIP *£C, "the book of the generations ;" and because the oldest histories were usually drawn up on a genealogical basis, the ex- pression is often extended to the whole histor}', as in the case of the Gospel of Matthew, where "the book of the generation of Jesus Christ" includes the -whole his- tory contained in that gospel. So Gen. ii, 4, " These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth," seems to be the title of the history which follows. Gen. V, i ; vi, 9 ; x, 1 ; xi, 10, 27 ; xxv, 12, 19 ; xxxvi, 1, 9 ; xxxvii, 2, are other examples of the same usage, and these passages seem to mark the existence of separate histories from which the book of Genesis was compiled. Nor is this genealogical foi'm of history peculiar to the Hebrews or the Shcmitic races. The earliest Greek histories were also genealogies. Thus the histories of Acusilans of Argos and of Hecatfeus of Miletus were entitled rtj'(aXojiai,nnd the fragments remaining of Xanthus, Charon of Lampsacus. and Hellanicus are strongly tinged with the same genealogical element (comp. Josephus, Apion, i, 3), which is not lost even in the pages of Herodotus. The frequent use of the pa- tronymic in Greek, the stories of particular races, as Heraclides, Alcma^onidse, etc., the lists of priests, and kings, and conquerors at the games, ]ireserved at Elis, Sparta, Olympia, and elsewhere ; the hereditaiy mon- archies and priesthoods, as of the Branchidre, Eumol- pida?, etc., in so many cities in Greece and Greek Asia; the division, as old as Homer, into tribes, fratria?, and yivif. and the existence of the tribe, the yens, and the fdnnlin. among the Romans ; the Celtic clans, the Sax- on fiimilies using a common patronymic, and their royal genealogies running back to the Teutonic gods, these are among the many instances that maj- be cited to prove the strong family and genealogical instinct of the ancient world. Coming nearer to the Israelites, it will be enough to allude to the hereditary principle, and the vast genealogical records of the Egyptians, as regards their kings and priests, and to the passion for genealogies among the Arabs, mentioned by Layard and others, in order to show that the attention ]iaid b}' the Jews to genealogies is in entire accordance with 1 the manners and tendencies of their contemporaries.