GIFTTHEIL
861
GIHON
them, moreover, particularly of the mass of legends of the llomaii Church, which still lays claim to the per- petual possession of the gift of miracles, we must pro- ceed with the greatest caution and critical discrimina- tion. In view of the over-valuation of charisms by the Montanists and Irvingites, we must never forget that Paul puts those which most shun free insp3ction, and most rarely appear, as the gift of tongues, far be- neath the others, which partaiu to the regular vital ac- tion of the Church, and are at all times present in lari^er or smaller measure, as the gifts of wisdom, of knowledge, of teaching, of trying spirits, of govein- ment, and, above all, of love, that greatest, most valu- able, most useful, and most enduring of all the fruits of the Spirit (1 Cor. xiii).
"Finall}', as to the classification of the charisms. They have often been divided into extraordinary or supernatural in the strict sense, and ordinary' or natu- ral. (So by Neandcr; also by Conybeare and How- son, The Life and Epistles of St. Paul [London, 1853]. i, 459.) But thi, is improper, for, on tlie one hand, they all rest on a natural basis, even the gift of mira- cles (upon the dominion of mind over body, of will over matter); and, on the other, the}^ are all super- natural. St. Paul derives them all from one and the same Spirit, and it is onlj^ their supernatural, divine element, that makes them charisms. Nor, according to what has been already said, can tlie division into permanent, or those which belong to the Church at all times, and transitory, or such as are confined to the apostolic psriod, be strictly carried out. AVe there- fore propose a psychological classification, on the ba- sis of the ihre-e. i)rimarij faculties of the soul; they all being c;ipable and in need of sanctification, and the Holy Ghost, in fact, leaving none of them untouched, but turning tliem all to the edification of the Church. With this corresponds also the classification according to the different branches of the Church-life, in which the activity of one or tho other of these faculties thus su- pernaturally elevated predominates. This would give us three classes of charisms : 1. Those which relate es- pecially to feslinff and worship. 2. Those which relate to knowk'li/e and theolofji/. d. Those which relate to uillimiX Church r/overnment. To the gifts of feeling be- long speaking with tongues, interpretation of tongues, and inspired prophetic discourse; to the theoretical class, or gifts of intellect, belong the charisms of wis- dom and of knowledge, of teaching and of discerning spirits ; to the practical class, or gifts of will, the cha- risms of ministration, of government, and of miracles. Faith lies bacli of all, as the motive power, taking up the whole man, and bringing all his faculties into con- tiict witli the divine Spirit, and under his influence and control."
On the special gifts, see further in SchafiP, Hist, of the Apoof. Church, § 117-12Q. On the gift of tongues, See Tongues, Gift of. See also Jortin, Remarks on Ecclesiastical History; Doddridge, Lectures on Pneu- inaiolorju ; Xcander, IHanting an I Training, ch. i ; De- litzsch. Biblical Psijchologi/, ])art v ; IMartensen, Chris- ti.m Dogmatics, § 233-235; Herzog, Real-EncyHop. iv, 735 sq. ; and the art. Catholic Apostolic Church ; I'lymouth Brethren.
Gifttheil, Ludwig Friedrich, a native of Sua- bia, made himself a name in the 17th century by his fanatical denunciations o' the State Church and its ministers. The date of his birth is not known, but he began to write during tlie Thirty-Years' War. Gift- theil not only opposed the religious institutions of his day, but also believed himself called to warn the gov- ernments against war and bloodshed. For tiiis object he wrote to the king of Enixland, in 1G43-1C44, Zween Briejfe, g;rich.fet an die Mdckiigen in England, etc. ; then, in 1647, his Eine neue Dechration aus Orient, etc. He continued his warnings also to Cromwell, and, among other things, called the protector " fiehl-mar- shal of the devil, highwayman, thief, and murderer."
After wandering over more than the half of Europe, he died at Amsterdam in IGll. See Arnold, Kirchen- u. Ketzerhist. iii, 10 ; Bohme, 8 Bucher r. d. Reforma- tion der Kirche in England (Altona, 1734, p. 941 sq.) ; Herzog, Real-EncyUop. v, 155. (J. N. P.)
Giger, George Musgrave, an eminent divine and scholar in the Presbyterian Cliurch, was born in Phil- adelphia .June G, 1822. He graduated with high honor at Nassau Hall in 1841, and studied divinity in the Theological Seminary at Princeton in 1844. " Soon after finishing his college course he was chosen tutor in New Jersey College. This position he held till 184G, when he was elected adjunct professor of mathe- matics. In the following year he was elected adjunct professor of Greek, and in 1854 professor of the Latin language and literature. He held this chair till l><(jb, when failing health obliged him to resign. He died in Philadelphia Oct. 11, 18G5. Dr. Giger was heartily attached to the interests of the college with which he was so long connected. He beciueathed to it his li- brar}', and it is also a residuary legatee to the extent of thirty thousand dollars." He also left legacies to "Clio Hall," one of the college societies, and to the order of JIasons. — Wilson's Presbyterian Historical Al- manac, ix, 146.