separation between the East and the West. When Photius, after ascending the patriarchal see, could not obtain the recognition o^ pope Nicbolns, ho excommu- nicated the pope, and arraigned the whole Latin Church for her doctrine of the twofold procession of the Holy Ghost and the addition of '■'■ Fil'wque" (q. v.) to the creed, for the practice of clerical celibacy, and for de- nying to priests the power of administering confirma- tion. As the rival of Photius for the see of Constanti- nople, Ignatius, was a declared partisan of the pope and the Latins, the struggle for the possession of the see greatly added to the animosity of the party of Pho- tius against the whole Latin Church. After the death of the emperor Michael III, Ignatius was restored to the see, and a council at Constantinople imder his presidency, which by the Latins is accounted as the eightli oecumenical council, established in 869 the union between the two churches. After the death of Ignatius in 877, Photius again became patriarch. A council held by him in 879 repealed the decisions of the Council of 809. The papal legates were induced by Photius to approve the acts of this council, which the Greek Church numbers among the oecumenical, but pope John rejected it, and excommunicated Pho- tius anew. In 886 Photius was exiled by the emperor Leo IV, and his successor, Stephen, accepted the de- mands of the pope. Peace between the two churches was preserved until the middle of the 11th century, when Michael Cerularius (q. v.) was, though a layman, elected patriarch, contrarj' to the canons of the Council of 869, which forbade the election of lajmien to this dignity. Cerularius, in union with bishop Leo of Achrida, the metropolitan of Bulgaria, wrote a letter to bishop John of Trani, in Apulia, who was asked to communicate it to the bishops and priests of the Franks and to the pope. Besides the points of difference al- leged by Photius, the letter of Cerularius reproached the Latins for the use of unleavened bread in the Eu- charist, for fasting on Saturda}', and for not singing Hallelujah during Lent. Cardinal Humbert gave a Latin translation of the letter to pope Leo IX. The pope wrote two letters against Cerularius, which in 1054 were taken to Constantinople b}' archbishop Pe- trus of Amalfi, the chancellor Frederick, and Cardinal Humbert. They charged Cerularius especially with the design to establish a jurisdiction over the patri- archs of Alexandria and Antioch, and to make him- self the oecumenical patriarch of the entire Greek Church. Cardinal Humbert added a third letter, in which he charged the Greeks with rebaptizing the Lat- ins, with allowing to the priests the use of marriage during the daj's of their service at the altar, with not baptizing their children until the eighth day after their birth, and other similar points. The emperor Constantino Monomachos, who, from political reasons, was opposed to a schism, had the letter of Huml)ert translated into Greek. The monk Niketas (Pectora- tus), who wrote a violent refutation of Humbert, was compelled to retract, but Cerularius remained firm in his opposition, and in Julj^, 1054, was solemnl}' excom- municated by the papal legates. With the support of the emperor, whom he gained over to his side, Ceru- larius maintained his authority until, in 1059, he was exiled by the emperor Isaac Comnenus. He died soon after.
But the exile of Cerularius did not restore the union of the churches. On the contrary, from this time the separation struck deeper root among the people of the East. Some of the emperors were favorable to a re- union in order to procure political aid from the pope and the Latin princes ; but tiieir ofiTorts met only with temporary success. Thus, in 1095, ambassadors of the emperor Alexius Comnenus appeared, suppliant for ai<1, at the Council of Piacenza, and pope Urban, to restore a union, held in 1097 a council at Bari, in Apulia. In 1201 pope Innocent III induced the Greek emperor Alexius and the patriarch of Constantinople,
GREEK CHURCH
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GREEK CHURCH
John T.omaterus, to enter into a nnion with Eome. At the Council of Lyons, 1217, delegates from the Greek Church were present, and they, :is well as the emperor Michael I'alaBologus, declared in favor of union. But the son and successor of ^Michael, Andronicus, was a decided opponent of the union, and imprisoned the pa- triarch, who supported it. The emperor John PaL-co- logus II, and the jtatriarchs IMiilotheos of Constantino- ple (13()3-1376), Niphon of Alexandria, and Lazar of Jerusalem, also re-entered into communion with Rome, and sent to pope Clement VI their profession of faith. At the CEcumenical Council of Ferrara, which began in January, 1438, the emperor John Palaologus VI, his brother, the patriarch of Constantinople, representa- tives of the three other patriarchs, many bishops, priests, and officers, and altogether some 700 Greeks and Orientals, were present. After a long discussion of the points of difference, the decree of union was, on July 5, 1439, signed by the pope, the Greek emperor, the cardinals, the patriarchs and bishops of both churches, with the sole exception of the bishop Mar- kos Eugenikos of Ephesus. See FEiiRARA; Flor- ence. But tliis union was short-lived. On the return of the Eastern bishops to their homes, their action was repudiated by the large body of the priests, monks, and people. The great majority of the bishops them- selves yielded to the jjublic i)ressure and renounced the union, and soon after, in 1453, the fall of Constan- tinople obliterated every trace of the attempted recon- ciliation. The patriarchs of Alexandria, Antloch, and Jerusalem declared in 14G0 their readiness to accept the union, but, as usual, this declaration bore no prac- tical fruit. ]\Iany attempts to effect a general union have since been made, but without effect. Only small bodies of Greeks, especially through the influence of the Catholic government of Poland, have entered into and remained in union with Rome, receiving from the popes permission to retain.the use of the Greek language at divine service, and some other peculiarities of the Greek Church. See United Greek CiitRCir. Pope Pius IX, on ascending the papal see, invited the bish- ops of the Greek Church, in a circular letter addressed to them, to re-enter into the union with Rome. The Greek bishops replied bj- a letter, setting forth their reasons for not complying with the invitation. In 1868 the pope invited the Greek bishops individually to attend the coming council, but this invitation also was declined by every bishop.