Hoph'ra (Heb. Chophra', ^'^t'H; Sept. Ova<Ppij [compare Clem. Alex. Strom, i, 143], Vulg. Ephrec), or PiiAP.AOii-HoPiiRA, king of Egypt in the time of Zed- ekiah, king of Judah, and of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon. B.C. 588. He formed alliance with the for- mer against the latter, and his advance with an Egyp- tian army constrained the Chaldteans to raise the siege of Jerusalem (Jer. xxxvii, 5) ; but they soon returned, and took, and destroyed the city. This momentary aid, and the danger of placing reliance on the protection of Hophra, led Ezekiel to compare the Egyptians to a broken reed, which was to pierce the hand of him that leaned upon it (Ezek. xxxix, 6, 7). This alliance was, however, disapproved by God ; and Jeremiah was au- thorized to deliver the prophecy contained in his forty- fourth chapter, Mhich concludes with a prediction of Hophra's death, and the subjugation of his country by the Chaldteans. See Egypt.
This Pharaoh-Hophra is identified with the Api-ies ('Airpim, Herod, ii, 161 sq., 169; iv, 159; Diud. Sic. i, 68; '±\Tr(iiac, Athcn. xiii. riCiO) of ancient authors, and
332 HOPKINS
the Ouaphris (OvcKppig') of Manetho, the eighth king of the twenty-sixth or Saitic dynasty (Eusebius, Chron. i, 219). Under this identification, we may conclude that his wars with the Syrians and Cyrenteans prevented him from affording any great assistance to Zedekiah. Apries is described by Herodotus (ii, 169) as a monarch who, in the zenith of his glor\', felt persuaded that it was not in the power even of a deity to dispossess him of his kingdom, or to shake the stability of his sway; and this account of his arrogance fully accords with that contained in the Bible. Ezekiel (xxix, 3) speaks of this king as " the great dragon that lieth in the midst of the rivers, which hath said. My river is mine own, and I have made it for mj'self." His overthrow and subsequent captivity and death are foretold with re- markable precision by Jeremiah (xliv, 30) : " I will give Pharaoh-Hophra, king of Egypt, into the hands of his enemies, and into the hands of them that seek his life." This was brought about by a revolt of the troops, who placed Amasis at their head, and, after various conflicts, took Apries prisoner. B.C. 569. He was for a time kept in easy captivity by Amasis, who wished to spare his life ; but he was at length constrained to give him up to the vengeance of his enemies, by whom he was strangled (Rawlinson, Herod, ii, 209 sq.). — Kitto. (See Raphel, De Pharaone IIop)lira, Luneb. 1734.) See Pha-
r G ? #^
Hieroglyph (>[ Ilnphra. (The tirst character, )T(=the sun, i. c. king, is reiul last ; the other characters, hoph, signify .soTowrLRosselliui, I, iv, 201] ox priest [oun/S, Jablouskv, Opusc. i, 444].)
Hopital (also Hospital), IMichel de L'., a distin- guished French statesman and opponent of the Inquisi- tion, was born at Aigueperse, in Auvergne, about 1504. He studied law at Toulouse, and first became known as an advocate in the Parliament of Paris ; and after dis- charging various public functions, he became chancellor of France in 1560, during the minority of Francis II. That country at this time was torn by contending fac- tions. " The Guises, in particular, were powerful, am- bitious, and intenselj' Catholic ; and when one of the family, the Cardinal de Lorraine, wished to establish the Inquisition in the country, Hopital boldly and firmly opposed it, and may be said to have saved France from that detestable institution. He summoned the states- general, which had not met for 80 years, and, being sup- ported bj' the mass of moderate Catholics, he forced the Guises to yield." His speech at the opening of the as- sembly was worthy of his wise and magnanimous spir- it : '• Let us do away," said he, " with those diabolical words of Lutherans, Huguenots, and Papists — names of party and sedition ; do not let us change the fair appel- lation of Christians." An ordinance was passed abol- ishing arbitrarj^ taxes, regulating the feudal authority of the nobles, and correcting the abuses of the judicial system. He also secured various benefits for tlie perse- cuted Huguenots in various ways, but especially bj' the edict of iiacification, which granted to the Protestants the free exercise of their religion (issued Januarj- 17, 1562). In 1568 he was instrumental in establishing the peace of Longjumeau, when, on account of his opposi- tion to Catharine de Medicis, who was inclined to break the compact, he was suspected of being a Huguenot. Finding it impossible to prevent the execution of Cath- arine's plans, he resigned his position (October 7, 1508), and retired to his estate at Yignay, near Etampes. He died May 13, 1573. Hupital's family had all embraced the Protestant faith, antl this was well known even at court while he occupied his prominent position there. But his character was so blameless that he held his po- sition for some time even during the fearful contests preparatory to the massacre of St. Bartholomew. — Hoe- fer, Xonv. Bioy. Generale, xxxi, 86 sq. ; Chambers, f^n- cyclop. V, 414 sq. ; Pierer, Univers.-Lex. viii, 334 ; Bayle, ilistor. Diet. p. 505 sq. ; Herzog, Real-Encyllop. vi, 283 sq, ; Eaumer, Gesch. Eiiropa's, ii ; Soldan, Gesch. d. Prof, in Frankr. ii. See Huguenots. (J. H.W.)