Ancient Egyptian Hat Koof supported by a Balustrade.
which, although of cramped dimensions, furnish a cool and quiet retreat, not unsuitable as a relief from a clam- orous wife (Pococke, Travels, ii, 69). It is obvious that such a place would be convenient for observation (Isa. xxii, 1), and for the proclamation of news (Luke xii,3; comp. Thomson, Land and Book; i, 51). See Roof. Protection of the roof by parapets was enjoined by
I
K ll^ h^^'' \'^:Tr-i'yl
Aucieut Assyrian flat-roofed Houses, with Parapets and pillared covering.
the law (Deut. xxii, 8). The parapets thus constructed, of which the types may be seen in ancient Egyptian houses, were sometimes of open work, and it is to a fall through or over one of these that the injury by whicvi Ahaziah suffered is sometimes ascribed (Shaw, p. 211). To pass over roofs for plundering purposes, as well as for safety, would be no difficult matter (Joel, ii, 9). In an- cient Egyptian, and also in Assyrian houses, a sort of raised story was sometimes built above the roof, and iu the former an open chamber, roofed or covered with awning, was sometimes erected on the house-top (\\'il- kinson, i, 9 ; Layard, Man. of Nin. ii, pi. 49, 50). — Smith. See House.
Houssay, Brother Jean du, a distinguished mem- ber of an order of hermits who lived on Mount Valerian, near Paris, was born at Chaillot in 1539. These pious men formed a community of their own, distinct from the outer world, and took the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Houssay died Aug. 3, 1G09.— Hoefer, Xour. Biufi. Gemrale, xxv, 27L See Valerian Moxks. (J. H.W.)
Housta, Baudoin de, an Augustine monk, was born at Toubise in the early part of the 18th century-, and distinguished himself greatly by his piety and erudition. He is especially celebrated as the would-be critic of Fleury's work on ecclesiastical history, which he. at- tacked in a work entitled Mauvaise foi de M. Fleurij, prouvee 2)ar pliisieurs j)assages des Saints Peres, des Connies et d'auteurs ecclesiasliques qiCil a amis, ironques oil vifidelement traduits dans son histoire (Malines, 1733, 8vo). Of course the monk, from his narrow and biased stand-point, was unable to comprehend the greatness of Fleurj' and the liberality of his views, and he endeav- ored to ridicule Fleury, and stamp him as an intidcl. Housta died at Enguien iu 17(30. — Chaudon and Dclan- dine. None. Did. Hist, vi, 315 sq. ; Fidler, Diet. Jlist. ix, 45. (J. H.W.)
Hoiiteville, Alexandre Claudk Francois, a French theologian, Avas born at Paris in 1688, became a member of the Congregation of the Oratory in 1704, and remained such for some eighteen years. He was then appointed secretary to' cardinal Dubois. In 1722 he published La Verite de la religion Chretienne jjrouvee par les faits (Paris, 4to; new ed. Paris, 1749, 4 vols. ]2nio), " which had a wonderful though scarcely deserved poji- ularity at one time" (Hook, Ecdes. Biog. vi, 198), and provoked considerable controversy. In 1723 he was made abbe of St. Vincent du Bourg-sur-Mer, in the dio- cese of Bordeaux. In 1728 he published Essai pliiluso- phique sur la Providence. In 1740 he published a sec- ond edition of his Verite de la i-eligion CIrriiienne (Paris, 3 vols. 4to). This edition, greatly enlarged, contains a historical and critical discourse upon the method of the principal authors who wrote for and against ChiHstian- ity from its beginning (which was translated and pub- lished separateh', with a Dissertation on the Life of ApoUonius Tyanaus, and some Observations on the Pla- tonists of the latter School, Lond. 1739, 8vo). '-It con- tains little information concerning the authors or the events, but a clearly and correctly written analysis of their works and thoughts" (Farrar, Crit. History of Free Thought, p. xv). In 1742 he was honored with the ap- pointment of "perjietual secretary" to the French Acad- emy. He died Nov. 8, 1742. — Biographic Unir. xx, 620 sq.; Chaudon and Delandine, Nouv. Diet. Hist.vi, 316 ; Diet. Hist, ix, 45 sq. (J. H.W.)
Hovel or Housing is a term applied to a canopy or niche. — Wallcot, Sac. Archceol. p. 318.
Hovey, Jonathan Parsons, D.D., a Presbyterian minister, was born in Waybridge, Vt., Oct. 10, 1810. He received a collegiate education at Jacksonville, 111., and South Hanover, Ind. He studied theology at Auburn Seminary, and was ordained for the ministrj^ jMarch, 1837. He was settled foiu: times : first at Gaines, N. Y.; then at Burdette, N. Y. ; then at Richmond, Va. ; and from September, 1850, for thirteen years, in New York
HOW
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HOWARD
Citj'. " His church occupied a clifficiUt field. It was surrounded by German Catholics, and by tliose who valued little, though they greatly needed, the institu- tions of the (iospel. Here he labored with signal fidel- ity and u.-icfulness. Several revivals were enjoyeil diu-- ing his ministry, and many additions were made to the Charch." During our late civil war Dr. Hovey served as chaplain of the 71st Regiment New York State Vol- unteers, and continued with them during their entire periotl of service, at the expiration of which he returned again to his charge in New York City. He died there Dec. IC, 18G3.— Wilson's P/e.-i. Hist. Aim. 18G-1, p. 305 sq.-, Ilev. Dr. Field, in the Christian InttlUijencer, Dec. 24, 1863.
How, S-VMUEr, B., D.D., was born in 1788, graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1710, and at Prince- ton Theological Seminary in 1813. He was settled suc- cessively in Presbyterian churches at Salisbury, Pa., 1813-15; Trenton, N. J., 1815-21 ; and New Brunswick, N. J., 1821-23. From 1823 to 1827 he was pastor of the Indeiiendent Church at Savannah, Ga., then for a year in New-York, whence he was called to the presi- dency of Dickinson College, Pa., 1830-31. In 1832 he accepted the charge of the First Reformed Dutch Church ill New Brunswick, N. J., but resigned on account of ill health in 1861. In all these positions his fine classical scholarship and solid and extensive theological learning were stuiliously maintained and conspicuously disjilay- ed. Devout, conscientious, a Christian gentleman in the best sense of the term, a most faithful jireacher and pastor, fearless and independent, zealous and successful, as a minister he was remarkable for scriptural instruc- tion and pious fervor. His ideal of the ministry' was lofty, and his life was the best commentary upon it. In 1855 he published an elaborate pamphlet entitled Sluve- holdiiui not sinful, which grew out of the request of the North Carolina Classis of the German Reformed Church to be united with the Reformed Dutch Church. The important and excited discussion which followed in the General Synod of the latter body ended in a decided re- fusal to comply with the application. Dr. How's pam- phlet was answered in the same form by the Rev. Her- vcy D. Ganse and others, and it was long before the interest produced by it died away. Dr. How published also several occasional sermons of eminent ability. He was a frequent contributor to religious j^eriodicals, espe- cially in relation to the pending theological controver- sies of his time. The last seven years of his life were spent in retirement from public service. He preached when his health would permit. He dwelt among his own people, a model of Christian virtues and of i.iius- terial exceOenco. He died in 18G8. — Corwin's Manual Ref. Church, p. 118 ; Christian Intelligencer; Rev. R. H. Steele, D.D., Hist, of Ref . D, Ch. Xew Bmnsicick (18G9). OV. J. R. T.)