many of them, long in use in the Church, w^ere not to be set aside, still the Council of Toledo (033) recom- mended the use only of such hymns as those of Hilarv', Ambrose, etc., in pubUc worship. Gregory the Great, who introduced a new system of singing into the Church [see Gregorian Chant], also composed hymns, among others the Bex Christefuctor omnium ; Pi-imo dierum om- nium, generally regarded as his best, etc. After him the most noteworthy hymn-writers are Isidorus, bishop of Sevilla ; Eugenius, Ildefonsus, and Julianus, bishops of Toledo ; and Beda Yenerabilis. Charlemagne (8th cen- tury), who introduced the Gregorian chant into France and Germany, also attempted sacred poetry, and is said to be the author of the Pentecost hj-mn, Veni creator spiritus, though others ascribe it, and perhaps on better grounds, to Khabanus IMaurus. Alcuin and Paulus Di- aconus also composed hymns. Although Christianity, diuring that century and the next, spread through France, Germany, and northwards, yet Latin hymns re- mained in exclusive use during the whole of the Middle Ages, as the clergy alone took an active part in divine worship. In the 9th century appeared some notewor- thy hymn-writers. Theoduif, bishop of Orleans, whose (iloria laus et honor tihi was always siuig on Palm Sun- day ; Ehabanus IMaurus ; AValafrid Strabo, the first Ger- man hymn--\\Titer ; Notker (f 912), who introduced the use of sequences and recitatives in the hymns, and com- posed the renowned alternate chant~.l/ef/fa vita in morte sumus. During the 10th and 11th centuries sacred po- etry was cultivated by the Benedictines of Constance, among whom Hermann of Veringen (f 1054) was espe- cially distinguished. King Robert of France wrote the Pentecost hymn, Veni sancte spiritus; Petrus Damiani wrote also penitential hymns. To the 11th centurv' be- longs the alternate hymn to Mary entitled Salve Regi- na mater miser icordice. In the 12th century hymn- WTiting flourished, particidarly in France, Avhere we notice Marbord (1123); Hildebcrt of Toiirs ; Petrus Venerabilis ; Adam of St, Victor ; Bernard of Clair- vaux, author of the Salve adfaciem Jesu, and the hymn beginning Salve caput cruentutum ; Abelard, writer of the Annunciation hymn, Mittit ad virginem ; and Bernard of Cluny, author of '• The Celestial Country," about A.I). 1145. It was, moreover, a j'ractice of conventual dis- cipline to connect hymns with all the various offices of daily life : thus there were hymns to be sung before and after the meals, on the lighting of lamps for the night, on fasts, etc. In the 13th century the sentimentalism of the Franciscans became a rich source of poetry, and the Latin hymns perhaps attained their highest perfec- tion under writers of that order. Francis of Assisi him- self wrote sacred poetry. Among the Franciscan hymn- writers are especially to be noticed Thomas of Celano (after 1255), author of the grand Judgment hymn, Dies irce dies ilia [see Dies Ir^e] ; Bonaventura; Jacopo- nus, who wrote the Stabat mater dolorosa and Stabat mater speciosa. See Starat Mater. Among the Do- minicans, Thomas Aquinas distinguished himself by his Pange lingua gloriosi and Luuda Sion Salvatorem. Af- ter attaining this eminence Latin hj'mns retrograded again during the 14th and 15th centuries, and became mere rhymed pieces. The mystics Henry Suso (q. v.) and Thomas a Kempis (q. v.) alone deserve mention among the writers of good hymns.
On hymns of the Ancient and jNIidtUe Ages, sec Bing- ham, Orig. Eccles. bk. xiii, chap, v, and bk. xiv, chap, i; Daniel, Thesaurus Ilgmnologicus, sive hymnonim, etc., collectio amplissima (Leipz. 1841-5G, 5 vols.8vo) ; a good selection in Konigsfeld, Lat. Ilymnen und Gesdnge, ill which the Latin and German versions are prmted face to face, with an Introd. and notes by A. W. von Schlegel (Bonn, 1847, 12mo, and second collection 1865, ]2mo); Trench, Sacred Latin Poetry, chiefly Lyrical, v:ith Koies, etc. (2d ed. Lond. 1864, 18mo) ; Coleman, Apostolic and Primitive Church, ch. xii ; Coleman, Ancient Christian- ity, ch. xvi ; Walch, Be llymnis Eccles. Apostolicce (.Te- na, 1837); Eambach, Anthologie Christl. Gesange (Alto-
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na, 1817-33); Bjtim, Hijmni Vet. Patrum Christ. Kecks. (Ilafn. 1818) ; Kelireiu, Lateinische Aitt/iii/<i;/ie ( l-'rankf. 1840); (Ultramontane) Mone, /.(?^ ////ii/t/ni d' s Miitel- alters (Freib. 1853 sq., 3 vols. 8vo) ; Mull, Jli/mnarium (Halle, 1861, 18mo) ; Wackernagel, Das deutsche Kirch- enleid (Lpz. 1864-65, 2 vols.), part of vol. i, p. 9-362; ChaniUcr. Ifipims of the Primitire Church (Lond. 1837) ; Neale, Ihinw.-^ o/thr /■jist^n/ Cliureh (3cl edit. London, (3d ed. London,
, q„.
1866); M,dl,rr,,l tliinni: 1867); The Vo'iee of ChrUt'uDi Life, in Song, or Hymns and llijmn Writers of manij Lands and Ages (N.Y.1864, r2mo") ; jNIiller, Our J/i/nvis, their Authors and Origin (Loml. 1866, 12mo) ; Koch, Gesch. d. Kirchenl. (2d edit. Stuttgart, 1852 sq., 4 vols., especially, i, 10-30) ; Ediles- tand (111 Meril, Poesies populaires Latines anierieures au douzieme siecle (Paris, 1843) ; Fortlage, Gesdnge Christ/. Vorzeit (Berlin, 1844) ; Jlilman, Latin Christianity, viii, 302 sq. ; Hill, English Monastieism, ]1. 324-373 (on me- diieval books and hvmni^) ; Klu'imvald, Kirch/. A rc/idol. p. 262 sq. ; Augusti", llandl). der christl. A rchiinl. ii, 106 sq. ; Kiildle, Christian Antiquities, p. 381 sq. ; Martigny, Diet, des Antiquitis, p. 475 sq. ; Christ. Examiner, xxviii, art. i ; Christian Remembrancer, xliv, art. iv ; jV. A mer. Rev. 1857, art. iv ; and on the first six centuries a very excellent article, first published in the British and For- eign Er. Rev. (Oct. 1866), in Schaff, Ch. Hist, iii, 575 sq.