Hyttavanes, in the mythology of the Finns, is the name of the god of the chase, especially of hares.— Pierer, Univ. Lex. viii, 693.
lAMBLICHUS
454
IBEX
lamblichus. See Jajiblichus.
Ibarra, Joaquin, a Spanish printer celebrated for his magnificent editions of the Bible and Arabic litur- gies, was born at Saragossa in 1725, and died at INIadrid in 1785. His printing-house was established at the lat- ter place. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxv, 724,
Ibas ("r/3ae), bishop of Edessa, in Syria, from 435 to 457, distinguished himself by the translation of the works of Theodore of Jlopsuestia into the Syriac. His lenient policy towards the Nestorians, and the fact that he distributed the translation of Theodore extensively throughout Persia and Syria, caused several priests of his diocese to accuse him before the emperor Theodosius II, and before the archbishops of Antioch and Constan- tinople, for favoring Nestorianism. The emperor ap- pointed the bishops Uranius of Himera, Photius of Tyre, Eusthate of Berytus, and the prefect of Damascus a commission to try him. Two Synods, held respec- tively at Berytus and Tyre in 448, failed to convict him, and he was left undisturbed until the Kobber-Synod of Ephesus (A.D. 449), when he was finally deposed from his diocese. He appealed to the Council of Chalcedon, and was restored to his bishopric in 451. Long after his death, in 553, the fifth general Council of Constan- tinople condemned him as a Nestorian, in spite of the eflbrts of pope Vigilius. The principal ground for this accusation was a letter written by him to the Persian bishop Maris, in which he blames his predecessor, Ea- bulas, for having condemned Theodore of Mopsuestia. The greater part of this letter is contained in the Re- cueil des Candles, iv, CGI. See Baronius, Annales, an. 448, 449, 451, 553 ; Dupin, Biblioth. ecdes. du 5"'« Steele ; Cave, Hist, litter. ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biogr. Generale, xxv, 727 : Landon, Manual of Conncils, s. v. Chalcedon ; Ne- ander. Church History, ii, 538-552.
Ibbetson, James, D.D., an English divine, was born in 1717, and educated at Exeter College, Oxford. He filled successively the rectorate of Bushey, in Hert- fordshire, and the archdeaconry of St. Alban's, and died in 1781. His works are, Epistola ad Phil-IIebrceos Ox- onienses (1746) : — Short JJistori/ of the Province of Can- terbury ; and several other theological treatises and ser- mons.— Hook, Eccles. Biog. vi, 241.
Ibbot, Benjamin, D.D., a learned English divine, born at Bcaehamwell, Norfolk, in 1G80, was educated at Clare Hall and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. He became treasurer of Wells Cathedral and rector of St. Vedast, London, in 1708; was some time after appoint- ed rector of St. Paul, Shadwell; chaplain of George I in 1716; and, finally, prebendary of AVestminster in 1724. He died April 15, 1725. His principal works are, A Course of Sermons preached for the Boyle Lecture (1713, 1714), in which he refutes the infidel objections of Col- lins (Lond. 1727, 8vo) : — Thirty-six Discourses on prac- tical Subjects (Lond. 1776, 2 vols. Svol ; and a trai.sla- tion of Puffendorf's iJe y/flifV// /;< lii/innis Cliristiamr ad vitam ririlcm (1719). See Clialiiuis, i.'ui. Biog. JJid Hoekr, Xouv. Biogr. Generale, xxv, 7J7 ; Darling, Cy- clop. Bibliograpkica, ii, 1601.
Iberians, an Asiatic nation inhabiting the Cauca- sian isthmus, described by Virgil, Horace, and Lucan as a warlike, cruel, and uncivilized people, while Strabo speaks of them as a very quiet and religious people. Kufinus and ^Nbiscs of ( liorine relate that, during the reign of the eni|)C'rr)r (uiistantine. the great Christina, probably a Christian woman (some call her Nino, others Nunia), was made prisoner by the Iberians, and became a slave. Her piety soon won for her the esteem and consideration not only of her master, but of the Iberians generally ; and being on one occasion asked to cure a
sick child of royal rank, she told the people that Christ, her God, alone could effect the cure. She prayed for the child, and it recovered. She is next said to have cured the queen bj^ her prayers. The king, Miraus, and his queen were converted, and did their utmost to spread Christianity through their dominions. The country has since remained Christian, though the true religion was long mixed with many old superstitions. Some claim that Christina was from Bj'zantium, on the ground that Procopius (v, 9) mentions an old convent preserved in Jerusalem, and rebuilt by Justinian in the 6th century, which was called Iberian or Iwerian. ]Mo- ses of Chorene, moreover, says that she was an Ai-me- nian, and that teachers were demanded of the Annenian bishop Gregory, not of Rome. The Iberians spread Christianity among the surrounding nations. Their country is now called Georgia (q. v.), and they hold ec- clesiastical relations with the Greek Church (q. v.). — Herzog, Real-EncyHop. s. v. ; Pierer, Universcd Lexikon, s. V. ; Schrcickh, Kirchengesch. vi, 27 sq.
Ibex, the ancient name of the Bou(j^ietin or Stein- bok of the Alps, an animal generally thought to be designated by the Heb. l^yi, yaW (always in the plur., A. V. "wild goats"), represented as well known, and in- habiting the highest and most inaccessible >^teeps (see Job xxxi, 1 ; Psa. civ, 18). Several species have been described by naturalists as inhabiting the different mountain ranges of the East (e. g. Arabia, Forskiil, De- scrip. Anim. praef. 4; Ruppell, Abyss, i, 120; and Pales- tine, Seetzen, xviii, 435), all of them slightly varj-ing from the European form (Capra ibex), and known among the Arabs by the general name of beden. Among the Sinai mountains the chase is pursued in much the same manner and under much the same circumstancea as that of the chamois in the Alps and the Tyrol. The hunters exercise great vigilance and hardihood, takiniJi vast circuits to get above their quarrj-, and especially aiming to surprise them at early day. Like most mountain quadrupeds that are gregarious, they have a leader who acts as sentinel, and gives the alarm on the occurrence of any suspicious sight, sound, or smell, when the whole flock makes off for a loftier peak Their numbers are said to have much decreased of late years ; for the Arabs report them so abundant fifty years ago, that if a stranger sought hospitality at a Bedouin's tent, and the owner had no sheep to kill, he would with- out hesitation take his gun and go confidently to shoot a beden. The tlesh is excellent, with a flavor similar to